Reflective Essay on Smoking Cessation

Reflective Essay on Smoking CessationThis essay provides a reflective forecast of the delivery of an opportunistic roll of tobacco tip intervention. In constructing this account, Gibbs (1988) model of reflection has been utilised, which incorporates the following components description feelings evaluation analysis conclusion and action visualise.DescriptionWhilst follow a practice nurse, I was provided with the opportunity to implement a brief pot cessation intervention with a patient. The patients name testament not be used, in respect of confidentiality (NMC Code, 2008 NHS Confidentiality Code of Practice, DH 2003), however, for the purpose of this reflection she will be referred to by the pseudonym Sarah. Sarah is a 65-year old female presenting with a number of health issues. She is an overweight smoker who has recently been diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a lung disease characterised by the narrowing of the airways. COPD also refers to chroni c bronchitis and emphysema, the latter of which Sarah has been diagnosed with. It is emphysema that is Sarahs primary health problem at present.The health promotion strategy adopted was a brief intervention comprising motivational interviewing (Rollnick, Miller and Butler, 2007), which took place at bottom the practice surgery as part of Sarahs extension. Motivational Interviewing is a directive patient-centered style of counselling designed to help pot resolve ambivalence almost behavior veer, such as smoking cessation.Alongside motivational interviewing, some specific props and teaching aids were utilised, including the provision of evidence-based information, the creation of a COPD self-management plan (British Lung Foundation, 2010), and details of helpful resources Sarah could utilise for further support. This included the Surrey NHS Stop Smoking Service (www.surreyquit.net), which offers free NHS support tailored to the individual (i.e. weekly clinic visits or mobilize contact).FeelingsI was initially quite anxious about this health promotion opportunity, as I was not confident in my ability to provide rehabilitative support in the limited time we had. However, on initiating a conversation with Sarah, using open questions as recommended within motivational interviewing, the anxiety disappe ard as I listened to Sarahs story. Active listening requires concentration, which in turn revolve abouted me on how I efficiency be able to help Sarah. In establishing that Sarah was concerned for her grandchildren, who stayed with her quite oftentimes and were thus around second hand smoke, this provided an anchor to facilitate the development of Sarahs motivation to change. In turn, this anchor also provided me with a patient-centred method for relieving my fears, since I had nominate a way of engaging Sarah in the process.Interestingly, as Sarahs motivation grew, so did my own motivation to ensure that Sarah gained as much from this brief intervention as possible. With every question that I could answer, I gained in boldness and enjoyed my role as educator and learner within the collaborative partnership in the midst of myself and Sarah. In this sense, the collaborative approach that underlies motivational interviewing and much of healthcare practice today can benefit both the patient and healthcare provider.My overall feelings regarding the interaction with Sarah are one of fulfilment. I feel I positively contributed to this patients increased resolve to stop smoking for both herself and her family.EvaluationMotivational interviewing was selected as the most countenance health promotion intervention for Sarah for a number of reasons. Firstly, evidence regarding behaviour change and, in particular, smoking cessation, shows that level of motivation is an important factor in devising the best health promotion method or teaching plan for a patient (Prochaska, DiClemente, and Norcross, 1993). This approach takes into status humanis t learning possible action and the principles of self-directed learning.According to Prochaska et al.s (1983) five stages of behaviour change, Sarah currently resides in stage 2 of the following stages Stage 1 (pre-contemplation) is when the individual does not delimit to change behaviour Stage 2 (contemplation) is when an individual is considering change Stage 3 (preparation) is serious resolve to embark on smoking cessation Stage 4 (action stage) is the first few crucial weeks and months where an individual is actively taking positive actions towards smoking cessation and Stage 5 (maintenance) is about 6-months to 5-years after the initiation of the smoking cessation decision, where behaviour change has been sustained.Being in the contemplation stage suggests that Sarah still has some unresolved ambivalence about change and thus demand help moving to stage 3, where she can start to prepare for smoking cessation. If I had started to help Sarah plan for smoking cessation before s he was ready, this could have been poisonous in both the short- and long-term. For example, it has been shown that overcoming the hurdles associated with smoking cessation can increase an individuals self-efficacy (i.e. confidence) in their ability to succeed at their quit attempt, which in turn acts to curve the likelihood of a go along and increase the likelihood of long-term sustained smoking cessation (Schnoll et al., 2010). If Sarah was pushed towards a quit attempt before prepared, her seek of relapse would have been high this would have ultimately reduced her self-confidence to try again.The transition from the contemplation stage to the preparation stage has been cited as being critically important to the outcome of quit attempts (Prochaska, DiClemente, and Norcross, 1993), as has the fact that healthcare professionals can be extremely influential at this stage Long et al., 1996). I considered motivational interviewing to be key to influencing Sarahs decisions regarding smoking cessation since it was designed specifically to help people resolve ambivalence about behavior change, which is the main characteristic of people in the contemplation stage of motivation. Motivational interviewing can achieve the resolve of ambivalence by avoiding confrontation and guiding people towards choosing to change their behavior themselves.I was aware that motivational interviewing would need to be accompanied by detailed education about smoke-related health issues and the likely course of COPD, together with possible complications and its acquaintance with increased morbidity and mortality. Sarah is an intelligent individual and keen to receive such information and reading material. Unfortunately, however, I was unable to answer all of her questions. In particular, I could not answer her questions regarding the pathophysiology of smoking. Unanswered questions can act as a barrier to progress, something which I do not wish to produce in a patient who requires such barriers removing. Fortunately, I was able to answer Sarahs questions whilst referring to an educational information leaflet. I do, however, feel that I would have been able to engage with Sarah more effectively if it had not been necessary for me to focus my attention on the leaflet before me.It became apparent throughout the consultation that although Sarah was most certainly considering quitting smoking, she possessed some traits that might hinder her efforts. In particular, Sarah appeared to have an external health locus of control. This means that she attributes control over her behaviour to external factors as opposed to internal factors. It is wholesome documented within the literature that an internal locus of control is more productive to behaviour change and healthier lifestyle choices (Wallston and Wallston, 1978 Tones et al., 1992). Taking this into consideration, I was aware(p) to acknowledge Sarahs control over her choices. In one instance, I used her husband as an example since Sarah had assured me that her husband had quit smoking. I asked her how he managed to achieve this and in recognising her husbands role in his own smoking cessation, Sarah appeared to be adjusting her locus of control towards a more internal one.Nevertheless, Sarahs self-efficacy remained low throughout the consultation despite attempts to boost her confidence. It is believed that increased self-efficacy, which can be achieved via motivational interviewing, is an important factor involved in the success of smoking cessation (Brown et al., 2003 Karatay et al., 2010), thus I felt this was an important aspect to include in Sarahs self-management care plan to set herself an achievable goal each week that would gradually build her confidence. summaryThe Department of wellness have been working with the NHS, patients, and healthcare professionals since 2005 to develop a strategy to improve the care and outcomes of people with COPD (DH, 2010). This strategy places a large f ocus on the prevention and treatment of smoking, as well as the importance of providing patients who have COPD with behavioural support and access to stop smoking services.The Department of Health (2009) have produced guidance on effective stop smoking services, offering three levels of behavioural intervention brief interventions (level one) intensive one-to-one support and advice (level two) and root word interventions (level three). In terms of level one, brief interventions, the National Institute of Clinical Excellent (NICE) have published guidelines and recommendations for smoking cessation (NICE, 2004). Furthermore, previous UK guidance has emphasized the importance of offering opportunistic, brief advice to encourage all smokers to quit and to signpost them to resources and treatments that might help them (West, 2005).They Department of Health guidance states that all smokers should be sensible to quit and asked if they are interested in quitting this is unless there are e xceptional circumstances such as other medical conditions that might hinder smoking cessation. Those who are interested in quitting should then be offered a referral to an intensive, level two, support service such as NHS Stop Smoking Services. Sarah was referred to the Surrey service and informed of the success rates found for NHS Stop Smoking Services. There is evidence that such services are effective in the short-term (4-weeks) and the long-term (52-weeks) indeed, between 13-23% of successful short-term quitters remain abstinent at 52-weeks (NICE, 2007).ConclusionApproximately 900,000 people in England and Wales have been diagnosed with COPD (NICE, 2004) and it is the fifth most common cause of cobblers last in the UK, resulting in over 30,000 deaths annually (National Statistics, 2006). By 2020, it is estimated that COPD will be the third most common cause of mortality worldwide (Lopez et al., 2006). Smoking is the largest risk factor for developing COPD, with 20% of long-term smokers eventually developing clinically significant levels of the disease and 80% developing lung damage (Garcia-Aymerich et al., 2003). These statistics highlight the urgency of prehensile opportunistic health promotion and utilising brief intervention skills to help deliver the DH strategy and improve the care and outcomes provided to people with COPD.Delivering brief opportunistic interventions for smoking cessation requires an approach that does not create defensiveness but develops a patient/provider partnership conductive of the patient making their own decisions, with support, as to their lifestyle. Motivational interviewing and consideration of individual patient characteristics and traits (i.e. locus of control, stage of readiness to change, etc.) provides a method of achieving this partnership within limited time and resources, as is often the case in busy healthcare environments. Learning the skills within motivational interviewing will add to a healthcare professional s repertoire of techniques for supporting patients through behaviour change, as I found in the case reflected upon within this essay.Action PlanThe UKCC Code of Professional Conduct (1992) proposes that nurses should maintain and improve her professional knowledge and competence. In tattle to my own knowledge and competence in opportunistic health promotion, I have recognised that I need to increase my skills for nurturing patient self-efficacy. Patient confidence is fundamental to successful behaviour change and although I feel satisfied with my approach to Sarah, it would have been useful to have possessed a larger repertoire of techniques for enhancing self-efficacy.I could also benefit from a greater understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms by which smoking causes COPD. Sarah was particularly interested in the physiological effects of smoking and whilst I could offer her basic information verbally, I needed to refer to information leaflets for more detailed insight, which disrupted the flow of conversation.I have started to explore these issues via a search of the literature on behaviour change and health promotion. As part of this search, I have come across the concept of implementation determination (Gollwitzer, 1999). The theory behind this concept is that in order for someone to implement a desired behaviour, it is necessary for them to devise a specific plan that will increase their intention to pursue that behaviour (Gollwitzer and Sheeran, 2006). This is an interesting technique that could be integrated into motivational interviewing and health promotion via the self-management care plans currently provided. I intend to explore this further and to discuss it with a superior.Using Gibbs reflective model to structure this account has helped me to recognise my strongest skills and those that require further development. I will enterprise to take a proactive approach to utilising this greater insight into my professional abilities.

Determining Macronutrients in Milk Powder

Determining Macronutrients in Milk PowderStefan Dodunski MustafaIntro immediate analysis, or Weende analysis, is the investigation of different macronutrients in viands establish on the scheme devised in 1860 by Henneberg and Stohmann in Germany. This analysis was originally devised to duplicate the digestion of animals where the extraction of plentiful was placed in an dosage solution to replicate the acid in the stomach and further by alkaline digestion to replicate the environment in the small intestine. Further to this nitrogen, crude lipid, crude fibre and ash be moderated chemically. The determination of crude protein is based and approximated on the nitrogen content.For this project proximate analysis was apply to determine percentages of wet, fat, protein and ash in regimen. Nitrogen-free extract (NFE), a term used to cover all other material present in the sample, is not measured by proximate analysis but reckon by subtracting from 100, the sum of the percentages of moisture, fat, protein, fibre and ash. NFE represents a rough estimate of soluble carbohydrate and all errors of versatile determinations are reflected in this calculation. In this experiment issue forth carbohydrate is estimated by difference as many foods are low in fibre and the fraction is often disregarded (Food Chem. for Nutrition Laboratory Manual, 2015).The food industry is exaltedly regulated by government protocols and international standards and policies which ensure appropriate quality control and supply chain management of food products. In order to ensure that food products meet these requirements food analysis of the composition and characteristics of the foods are mandatory. The entire supply chain is monitored and controlled, from raw ingredients, through to production and inside the marketplace (Nielson, 2010).Proximate analysis is the general way of estimating food composition and is very adept at comparing foods for nutritive value, legal aspects and blendin g of various foods in industry. Though this is a general comparison it is not specific to determining a specific substance or compound within a food but only a general estimation of moisture, ash and macronutrients (except alcohol). The determination of a specific substance is called ultimate analysis and is not used in the food industry for general comparisons. Methods of proximate analysis are empirical and are more easily performed and if procedure is done with good precision, gutter be reproducible (Food Chem. for Nutrition Lab Manual, 2015).Moisture is normally considered to be the material lost by a foodstuff on heating at a temperature around that of boiling water or by allowing the sample to stand over a dehydrating agent or by some equivalent form of measurement. It is generally considered as water but is actually the centre volatile matter lost under these particular conditions. The remaining residue is termed the total solid (Food Chem. for Nutrition Lab Manual, 2015). The moisture content of the samples were determined by using both air-oven method and vacuum-oven methods. The use of a variety of ovens in the food industry are a popular method with the opportunity for various amounts of samples that can be analysed concurrently (Nielson, 2010). However with less precision yields less veracious results as different types of ovens will produce different volumes of moisture. Vacuum ovens are less accurate than air fan forced oven as they have the least(prenominal) amount of variance of heat distributed throughout the oven The protein content of foods is often determined on the basis of total nitrogen content and the Kjeldahl method has been almost universally applied to determine the nitrogen content (Kavanagh, 1981). Nitrogen content is then multiplied by a calculate to arrive at protein content. This approach is based on two assumptions 1. the dietary carbs and fats do not contain nitrogen and 2. nearly all nitrogen in foods is present as amin o acids. The factor is based on the ratio of nitrogen to protein on a specific food being analysed. The nitrogen is then used through a transmutation factor to determine the amount of protein. In this experiment the conversion factor was 6.38 as milk products have a nitrogen content of 15.67%. During digestion H2SO4 (sulphuric acid), at high temperatures, is used to catalyse the reaction by oxidising the organic matter and combining any ammonium formed. After digestion NaOH is added to make the sample alkaline and distilled and the resulting NH3 in fade out in boric acid. The solution is then titrated with HCL which neutralises the ammonium borate and a colour change from green untill red can be seen.The Mojonnier method was used to determine crude fat. The method depends on the partition of the fat between an organic solvent and the aqueous phase. (Food Chem. And Nutrition Lab Manual, 2105). The principle behind this method is that fat is extracted by ethanol and diethyl ether. P etroleum decreases the solubility of the water during the ether phase and diethyl ether serves as a lipid solvent. Ammonium hydroxide and ethanol are also used. Ammonium hydroxide decreased the viscosity of the sample by neutralising the acidity and broke ionic and covalent bonds. Ethanol aids in disengagement of the ether water phase and prevents the milk form forming a gel. Milk powder and other dairy products need to undergo this process during fat removal due to their tightly bound lipids to proteins, and carbohydrates, making use of simple non-polar solvents inadequate (Neilson, 2010).The ash of a food is the inorganic residue remaining after the organic matter has been burnt away. The ash is representative of all the minerals contained within the powder sample although the inorganic constitutes changes drastically. Metal ions are oxidised to oxides or combined with negatively charged elements. The ash obtained is not necessarily the exact same composition as the mineral matt er present in the original food as there may be losses due to volatilisation or some interactions between constitutes. Therefore ash is regarded as the general measure of quality (Food Chem. For Nutrition, 2015). occupy The aim of this experiment is to determine the total moisture content, nitrogen and crude protein, crude fat and inorganic matter from a specific milk powder.MaterialsProximate 1Pocket Refractometer Pal-1 by Atago made in JapanAir-Oven Catalogue 240 by Contherm Scientific Company made in New ZealandBurn gain Furnace BWF 1100 by Carbolite made in the UKAnalytical Balance Machine AE200 by Mettler made in AmericaElectronic Moisture Analyser MA cl by Sartorius made in GermanyVacuum Oven VOC-300SD by Eleya made in JapanProximate 22100 Kjeltec Distiller by Foss Analytical made in DenmarkTecator Digestion System by Foss Analytical made in DenmarkSuperVario-N Centrifuge by Funke-Gerber made in GermanyAnalytical Balance Machine AE200 by Mettler made in AmericaModel 330 Boili ng Bath by Contherm Scientific Company made in New ZealandResultsReferencesNielson, S. S. (2010). Food Analysis. (4th ed.). New York, USA Springer Retrieved from http//books.google.co.nz/books?id=JM R91MDsiECpg=PA87dq=moisture+content+of+foodhl=ensa=Xei=qeCFUYyTG4aFiAfX 94GYBgsqi=2ved=0CC0Q6AEwAAv=onepageq=moisture%20content%20of%20foodf =falseFood Chemistry for Nutrition Laboratory Manual. (2015) 151.231 Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University Palmerston NorthKavanagh, F. (1981), Official methods of analysis of the AOAC, thirteenth ed. Edited by WILLIAM HORWITZ. The Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1111 N. 19th St., Arlington, VA 22209. Retrieved fromhttp//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jps.2600700437/abstracthttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powdered_milk

My Pet :: essays papers

My Pet Would you like to live a happy and productive life? Then get pets I must harbour it is hard to believe that domesticated animals can promote mental and physical health, but many studies have shown that they can. On the a nonher(prenominal) hand, you must find a pet that is compatible with you or with your life style. Maintaining good mental health is crucial for living a normal life. Many psychiatrists have found that patients with crossness management problems can be calmer with a pet around the house. Some measure, just the get of a pet in the house can do wonders on the nerves and eliminate certain aggravation. I have found that having multiple pets around can be difficult, but with the hard work comes satisfaction and happiness. Personally, I own two turtles, one dog and one slant my two turtles are in one tank, so they have company In my fish tank, there is a predatory fish, which would endanger any other fish if I put more in the tank. Separating anima ls that could do harm to each other is a good method for ensuring their safety. In addition, you must remember to spend an equal amount of time with your pets even your fish, so one pet does not get jealous of the other. Many give their beloved companions names such as people Stanley, Buddy, and Mikey. By giving pets human names people feel more connected and comfortable around their animal friends. My dogs name is Bishop, my two turtles names are Squirmy and Mojo and my fishs name is Mr. Fish. My roomie named the dog and I named the fish because of the way they are Mojo because hes the bigger one and Squirmy because he can never stay still longer than a few seconds. I named my fish Mr. Fish because I couldnt really think of a good name for him. People some times are extremely attached to their pets many cater to their every whim. Some people even bring their dogs and cats to pet manicurists and stylists to pamper their pets. This obsession with their pets can transmit to deep seeded pain and anguish when a pet passes on. I can defenatly agree with that even if its not death and its a fade of an animal.

Tsunami disaster, implication on economy Essay -- essays research pape

TSUNAMI DISASTER, WHAT IMPLICATION ON ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN THIS REGION?We view with awe a release of power on this scale. We know that this power is greater than that of our species nature holds us in its hands. We may be able to mitigate some of the consequences in some cases we may be able to give advance warning of the threat but we are not in control the tsunami has demonstrated this ancient truth.William Rees-Mogg INTRODUCTION1.     On the sunrise of December 26, 2004 a magnitude 9.3 earthquake taken with(p) off the Northwest coast of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The earthquake resulted from complex slip on the fault where the pelagic portion of the Indian Plate slides under Sumatra, part of the Eurasian Plate. The earthquake deformed the ocean floor, pushing the overlying water up into a tsunami pother. The tsunami fly high devastated nearby areas where the wave may have been as high as 25 meters (80 feet) tall and killed nearly 300,000 people from nations in the region and tourists from around the world. The tsunami wave itself also traveled the globe, and was measured in the Pacific and many other places by tide gauges. Measurements in California exceeded 40 cm in height, go New Jersey saw water level fluctuations as great as 34 cm . 2.     Named the biggest earthquake in 40 years struck off the coast of North Sumatra, creating the greatest human catastrophe in living memory. The epicenter of the quake, on the shallow ocean floor, caused a major tsunami to drag in through the Bay of Bengal, the Andaman Sea, and the Indian Ocean. Human casualties exceeding 260,000 and massive damage to property had been reported in Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Myanmar), South Asia (India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh), Eastern Africa (Somalia and Tanzania) and the Maldives. AIM3.     The civilize of this paper is to examine Tsunami disaster that happened on December 26, 2005, in brief, and its implication on economic system particularly to the impact of South East Asia region. Subsequently, I pull up stakes further examine the destruction of economy on short and long term impact. In realizing this, the yardstick that is use is the measurement index created by World Bank. The paper will focus in brief to the whole country that affected by the disaster but main focus will be on South East... ...e http//www.shoa.cl/oceano/itic/Master.html).Tsunami The Great Waves on-line (English, French, Spanish on-line http//www.shoa.cl/oceano/itic/frontpage.html ).Post Survey Tsunami Guide UNESCO, 1998, IOC Manual and Guides N 37 on-line http//www.shoa.cl/oceano/itic/field.html ).Tsunami glossary on-line http//www.shoa.cl/oceano/itic/pdf-docs/ glossary.html .Tsunami Newsletter (ITIC) 1965-1999 vol I to XIX online http//www.shoa.cl/oceano/ itic/newsletter.html .Rosenthal, Anne M. "The Next Wave." California Wild (Spring 1999)24-32.Also http//www.calacademy.org/calwi ld/1999spring/stories/tsunamis.htmlSeismic Sea Waves Tsunamis , T. S. Murty Fisheries and Environment, bulletin N 198, Canada, 1977.Tsunamis Their Science and Engineering , world(prenominal) Tsunami Symposium (1981) Advances in Earth and Planetary Sciences, D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1983.Tsunamis 1992-1994, Their generation, dynamics, and hazard, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 144, 1995.Tsunami (2nd edition) W. Dudley and Min Lees , (University of Hawaii Press, 1998).Tsunamigenic earthquakes and their consequences, Advances in GEOPHYSICS, vol 39, Academic press, 1998.

Utopian Hill Resort :: Resorts Hotels Travel Vacations Essays

Utopian Hill Resort The safety of the guests is among the most important factors that determine the quality and hospitality of a high form hotel. At Utopian Hill Resort, your safety is our top priority and we ensure the most advanced equipment for your safety. Utopian Hill features a top of the line management system, police force, hospital clinic, and fire fighting system. It also has equipment to survive any threat from natural disasters. Surveillance is the most important aspect of security. There ar hidden cameras hardened all over the hotel, including the beaches, to keep staff aware of each visitors experience. Not only does this let waiters serve the guests in top speed and quality, but it is also very useful to avoid a prone accident, a robbery or any intruder. In appendage to warning staff of intruders during the night, extending surveillance to the beach also helps staff locate any potential risk to the guests swimming in the beach. Stand ard cameras are placed throughout the hotel (reception room, game room, gym, dance club, etc.). They secure the safety of all guests and decrease the probability of vandalism or any other negative incident. Surveillance is actually an important part of keeping any facility under control, but it is only the stepping stone to security. Utopia Hill has a crew of private officers to back up the surveillance. There are two coastal guard boats surveying the coastal waters where most tourists relax and ride boat rentals. These men do their topper to keep watch over the hotel facilities 24 hours a day and aware the police of any unhand able situation on the spot. Officers may also be contracted as personal body guards for the guests who demand extra security from their fans or a paparazzi. They are armed with stun guns (can be utilize at a range of ten feet), pepper spray, radios and handcuffs and are allowed to assault any threat (obsessed fans) to the guests. Althoug h these officers can prevent many threatening situations, on that point are many accidents that occur regardless of prevention techniques. To care for such unfortunate guests, there is a 24 hour medical clinic with up to run into first aid technology.

Latin America And Slavery Essay -- essays research papers

Prior to its independence Latin America had been controlled by external forces for hundreds of years. To be freed of control from these outside interests did not in any way take on Latin America a return to the billet quo. In fact, the inhabitants of Latin America had done very well in assimilating their in phratry controllers. They adopted European language, religion, color, and just about everything else that the European culture had to offer them. Although they were free to do as they please and run their own affairs in the global neighborhood as we know it, they struggled to create an entity for themselves. They embody too much of what is not native to their region, yet the people that used to represent their territory 500 years earlier were a truly unique culture. Let us go defend to that point in time and trace the pathway Latin America has taken, from an isolated civilization with a unique, independent culture to a Europeanized puppet continent with little cultural iden tity.Latin America began as a secluded land of aboriginal inhabitants that was cut off from the rest of the world. It was first discovered by Europeans while trying to find more high-octane trade routes to India and China. These Europeans noticed the vast resources present in Latin America and smelled money. Europeans argon very greedy and would do anything for their country if it meant higher social status when they returned. Soon the monarchs of their respective countries were sponsoring conquests and colonization of the Latin American lands in turn for profits and goods from the lands they took. Due to the tropical climate that encompasses most of Latin America, colonization meant growing sugar on plantations in the coastal regions of the continent. Labor was the main expense of this operation, so enslaving the natives and putting them to work on these plantations seemed like the most economically sensitive thing to do. This was the first step to sterilizing the identity of th e continent. Diseases introduced by the immune Europeans took their toll on the natives and killed many off. Coupled with the stress of working in the fields and in other aspects of enslaved life the aboriginal population soon dwindled to next to nothing. Looking at just the aboriginal population, there was a traumatic fall. Birth range were very low, especially given that the newer mixed ch... ...ly communist governments around, but was communism actually a Cuban idea? I do not cypher so. Any radical ideas expressed by the individual in Cuba is however put down. The government in Cuba and Mexico try to keep people from returning to their roots. In Mexico there is a lady who puts on plays which call for social reform. The Mexican government is all over her case too. When the government tries to tell you who you are and what you do, you cannot rate with anything but an institution you have no desire to be a part of. Hence, you become something else. For Cubans, they are a raft ri de away from fair Americans. They do not want to identify with something they do not believe in. Why force it upon them? As long as the governments are poor in Latin America, there will be no unity. To be one as a people they need to be able to go back to their roots and start again. They need to overthrow the governments in their areas and install democracies that work for the people. Or else they can progress at the snails pace which they are right now and have an identity later. When things change drastically all over the place. As things stand right now, they will be Euro-American clones.

Legalization of Marijuana Essay -- Weed Drugs Illegal Essays Papers Ca

The Legalization of hempMarijuana is a plant, known as cannabis sativa and cannabis indica, which contains a psychoactive chemical called tetrahydrocannabinol (tetrahydrocannabinol). The effects of THC include disruption of psychomotor behavior, short-term memory impairment, intoxication, stimulation of appetite, antinociceptive, and antiemetic activities. Marijuana, the Mexican name given to cannabis is a mixture of dried, shredded leaves, stems, seeds, and flowers of the plant. ganja is a term that refers to marijuana and other preparations made from the same plant. Hemp is a form of cannabis, cannabis sativa L, which contains less than one percent THC it is employ to make clothing, paper, and building materials. Tobacco is smoked just like marijuana is smoked, rolled in paper or in a pipe. The only inequality is that tobacco is legal and marijuana is illegal. The government spends billions each year on the war on drugs, yet it is still around. For people under the age of 21 it is much easier to get marijuana than it is to get alcohol. Although many primarily associate marijuana with its harmful side effects, in actuality there are many benefits from its put on as well.Marijuana was a large part of culture throughout the entire world, it has been around for thousands of years and still continues to grow. Hemp was a large financial aid with early American settlers, the hollow stalk was used to make clothing, rope and paper. Hemp was used well before this though, the Chinese used it to make sportfishing nets and bow strings for their archers. George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, who are considered to be forefathers for America, both grew hemp. Benjamin Franklin owned a mill that made hemp paper. Early drafts of the resolution of Independence were written on paper that was made of hemp. During World War II, the US supply of hemp was cut off by the Japanese, and the US troops and the subdivision of Agriculture promoted the Hemp for Victory campaign, w hich encouraged farmers to grow hemp for the cause of the war. Hemp was also used in making sails and ropes for ships. In 1937, the Marijuana Tax Stamp Act prohibited the use, sale, and cultivation of marijuana and hemp in the United States.It is said that marijuana is a gateway drug, and it will exceed to harder drugs such as cocaine or heroin, though this is not a proven theory. Over time, there has been... ...ke if they are dried and rolled up. The fight for the legalisation of marijuana will continue until marijuana is finally legalized.Bibliography1. de Zwart, W.M. et al, Key Data Smoking, Drinking, Drug Use and Gambling Among Pupils Aged 10 Years and Older, Utrecht Netherlands Institute on Alcohol and Drugs (1994).2. Drug War Facts 3. Jones, R.T. et al, Clinical Studies of Cannabis Tolerance and Dependence, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 282221-39 (1976).4. National Survey Results on Drug Use, from the Monitoring the time to come Study, 1975-1993, Volume I, Rockv ille, MD National Institute on Drug Abuse (1994).5. Preliminary Estimates From the 1993 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (1994).6. Rubin, V., Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Therapeutic Uses of Cannabis, pp 1-18 in S. Cohen and R.C. Stillman (eds), The Therapeutic Potential of Marijuana, New York Plenum Medical Book Company (1976).7. State prison Expidentures 8. US Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Agency, In the Matter of Marijuana Rescheduling Petition, Docket 86-22, (September 6, 1988), p. 57.