Issues And Challenges Facing Nurses Nursing Essay

Issues And Ch ei therenges Facing Nurses Nursing Essaybloody shame Seacole gained her reputation afterward the Crimean War (1853-1856). Florence Nightingale needed 40 nurses to work in a hospital in capital of the United Kingdom. Although bloody shame Seacole went to London and brought many letters of recommendation from doctors with whom she had worked, she was told her services were not needed. In 1855, bloody shame Seacole went back to London anyway, funding her own way there. To pay for the long sea journey, she took food and another(prenominal) useful things with her. She complete the British Hotel where soldiers were able to buy food and drinks. Mary disturbanced for the soldiers and helped the wounded soldiers on the battlefield. She gained the name Mother Seacole. She was recognize with many awards and medals for her lettering to helping soldiers.Mary Elizabeth CarnegieMary Elizabeth Carnegie Carnegie graduated with a diploma from Lincoln tame of Nurses in New York in 1937. Carnegie hited a BA degree from West Virginia State College a certificate from the University of Toronto an MA from Syracuse University and a DPA from New York University. Carnegie initiated the BSN course of instruction at Hampton University in Virginia. She also started the BSN program while assuming the position of Dean of Florida AM University School of Nursing in Tallahassee, which became the first field of study League for Nursing accredited program in the state of Florida. In 1942, the Florida State Nurses Association (FSNA) voted to fill black nurses to penisship.Although they paid dues, black nurses were not allowed to speak or situationicipate in meetings. Carnegies contri butions as a nurse scholar and attracter helped break down racial barriers. She became a full member of FSNA in 1948, and by 1949, was elected to the board of directors. Carnegie was inducted into the FNA Hall of Fame. She served as the editor of Nursing Research and served on the refresh fulspaper column staff of the American Journal of Nursing from 1953 to 1978. Carnegie also authored three books Disadvantaged Students in RN Programs, historical Perspectives of Nursing Research, and The Path We Tread Blacks in Nursing, 1854-1994.Rhetaugh Graves DumasRhetaugh Graves Dumas was a pioneer and vibrant leader in nursing. She was a graduate of Dillard University School of Nursing in 1951. She was the first African American fair sex and the first nurse to be officially selected as deputy director of the National Institute of cordial Health. Rhetaugh current her MSN from Yale and was the first nurse to perform a randomized experimental design to study clinical nursing problems. She was the wickedness Provost of Health Affairs at UM and the Lucille Cole Professor of Nursing. In 1997, she was named Dean Emerita and Vice Provost Emerita of the University of Michigan. She was a founding member and former president of the American Academy of Nursing, and wrote an influentia l research paper, The accomplishment of Nursing Care on Po break offerative Vomiting. She also wrote the oft-cited Dilemmas of Black Females in Leadership in 1980.Mary MahoneyMary Mahoney was admitted to the New England Hospital for Women and Children nursing program at the age of thirty-three. The program was sixteen months and include lectures and hands-on patient care. Of the forty-two students admitted to the program, only four graduated and Mary Mahoney was one of those four graduates. She received her nursing certification on August 1, 1879, making her the first African-American in history to earn a professional nursing license. Mary was most noted for her hard work to improve the term of African-American nurses and encourage the expansion of intercultural relations. Mary was the co-founder of the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses in 1908. Mary Mahoney helped open the doors of opportunity for the African-American nurses.Beverly MaloneDr. Beverly Malone PhD, RN, FAAN has been since July 2001, general secretary of the Royal College of Nursing. She is also a board member of HEFCE. While working as dean and professor of the School of Nursing at unification Carolina rustic and Technical State University at Greensboro, she also served on the Governors Task Force on the Nursing shortage and was a commissioner of the North Carolina Commission on Health Services. Dr. Malone held the positions of president of the American Nurses Association (ANA) (1996-2000) and Deputy ally Secretary at the United States Department of Health and Human Services for a one social class term. Dr. Malone also served as the representative of the U.S. International Council of Nurses. Dr. Malone has also served on former President HYPERLINK http//en.nursingwiki.org/index.php?title=President_Clintonaction=editredlink=1Bill Clintons consultive Commission on Consumer Protection and Quality in the Health Care Industry. Dr. Malone was later appointed as a member of the U. S. delegation to the World Health Assembly, by former President Clinton and was a part of the presidents table discussion on the Patients Bill of Rights. Dr. Malone also served on the board of directors of the National Patient precaution Partnership, a collaboration with the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), the American Medical Association and other national wellness care organizations. She was the second African-American to serve as president of the ANA.Interview 1 nurse who was employ in nursing prior to 1980sI interviewed Kathleen Venable who graduated from Alcorn State University with an ASN. Kathleen also received a BSN from Loyola University and a Masters of Science from Southeastern Louisiana University. I asked her close a typical sidereal day displacement reaction, beginning and death salary and similarities and differences with contemporary nursing prior to the 1980s.Typical day/shiftMrs. Venable worked at Catahoula hospital, a sixty-four bed hospital in Jonesvil le, LA. The hospital is split into east and west wings. She worked on a thirty-four bed hall. The unit consisted of two RNs (one head nurse), a LPN and 2 certain Nursing Assistants. The head nurse was in charge of documenting all orders from doctors and any stat orders that needed to be brought other places someone off the unit had to bring it. The other floor RN was responsible for starting all IVs and administering all IV push medications. If the unit was full the nurses were assigned 15 patients a piece.Beginning and ending salaryMrs. Venable beginning salary was 8.25 and when she left a year later and went to Our Lady of the Lake she was offered 8.25 with shift differential. straight the average starting salary in Louisiana is 19.25-20.00 an hour with shift differentials.Similarities and differences with contemporary nursing in that respect were many differences with nursing compared to now there was no set limit to nurse to patient ratio, there werent any Braden or pain scale s. There were no resources to help the patients after being discharged from the hospital such as social workers, home health, Council on Aging or rehabilitation services. Nurses were unable to altercate a doctors decision and be the best patient advocate they could be because whatever the doctor state no one could capitulum it for fear of losing their job.Similarities the nursing process was around and the typical working shift is still the same (12 hour shifts). She stated that there is much advancement in medicine today but the amount of time and energy is still the same in patient care.Review 1 prominent nursing journal published in early 1900sWhat are the similarities and differences with the same journal in the early 1990s compared to the 2000sEmphasize nursing voices and responsibilitiesThe American Journal of nursing is the oldest nursing journal around. In the 1990s the journal wrote about mandating nursing caps, how to keep up with your staff after retirement and suscep tibility as relief staff to palliative care, and responding to disasters. The focus is still improving patient care but with all the recent tragedies America has had, the journal has shifted to teaching nurses how to care for patient after catastrophes.The PresentWhich nurses or nurse educators serve as role models to you? What are some of that persons characteristics that attract you?The nurses that serve as my role model are London Lewis (sister-in-law) and Mrs. Lois Bridgewater. London Lewis graduated from William Carey University. She is married with a child, but she didnt allow that to stop her. She is now in a Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist program and is scheduled to graduate in May 2011. London was a full time wife and mother all while receiving a BSN and working on her current degree. London graduated from William Carey and her professors continue to speak highly of her motivation and dedication to becoming a nurse. Mrs. Lois Bridgewater is also one of my role model s. She was my clinical instructor in nursing 310. What amazes me about her is the drive she has to accomplish everything she set out to do. She is an expert in her field and while at North Oaks Hospital, the staff respected her decisions and work ethics. Mrs. Bridgewater is not only a nurse but also a Certified Midwife, and shes working on her Family Nurse Practitioner.Respond to the following questionsWhat types of software skills are critical for new nurses entering the workforce?The type of software skills needed for new nurses entering the workforce are Microsoft magnate which includes Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access and Outlook.Why is it burning(prenominal) for new nurses to be able to search the Internet for information?It is important for new nurses to be able to search the Internet for information, in the event they have a question about something and there arent any resources available to you at that moment. The nurse can always get on the computer and find the informatio n needed at that moment.The FutureWhat are some of the challenges you see veneering the nursing profession in theThe challenges I see facing the nursing profession is patient health care due to nursing shortage. With the shortage of nurses, there is an increase in the patient to nurse ratio. With more patients, a nurse has less time to spend with each patient, which causes a decrease in the quality of care to all patients.

Economy, FDI and Hydropower Sector in Laos

Economy, FDI and Hydropower Sector in LaosBackgroundGener everyy speaking, hydropower has various scotchal, environmental and hearty and strategic advantages. The hydropower is the largest re spick-and-spanable resource used for electrical energy and Hydropower is a signifi messt source of electricity worldwide and will likely continue to grow especi every(prenominal)y in the developing countries. Thus it plays an requirement role in frugalal development peculiarly in few developing countries.Like more countries the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) or Laos is in trend in receiving conflicting enthronization primarily in hydropower welkin which comparing by ara from 2000-2010 hydropower sector account more than 33% in total investiture (MPI, Laos). Laos nature and climate bequeath mammoth opportunities for the coun act to develop hydropower sector which in recent year there has been increased demand for electric power in the constituent of atomic number 34 Asia, however less than 2 percentage of the hydropower potential has been developed in Laos over the past 30 years (Laos National Statistic in 2007). During the last few years, the hydropower sector has played an beta role in the speedy sparing growth of the counattempt recently has experienced, more than 70 hydropower projects atomic number 18 under development, and the hydropower sector makes up an hearty part of the exporting industriousness in Laos.As the political relation set the economic let outlook from now the year 2020, the National Development Vision to the Year 2020 is to graduate from the experimental condition of creation a least developed bucolic and become sustainable development nation. To reach and achieve much(prenominal) vision, Laos need the capital and invests in the human resource capacity, as Laos Government drop of these things. Thus, the outside(prenominal) investment especially in hydropower sector is playing an conditional relationant role in change magnitude the governments gross (capital generation), argument creations and new subscriber line system introducing.The hydropower sector is playing the significant role in the Laos economic and social development, the investment law in 1994 introduced the huge bonuss brinyly measure fillips in order to attract more investment, the question is that argon these fillips really work and attract more investment into Laos? Or how did the investment incentive policies effect to hydropower sector in Laos? Thus, the objective or thesis statement of this typography is to analysis the powerful of incentive policies offered by government of Laos in attracting investment mainly hydropower sector into Laos. The scope of this paper is non go back beyond the investment law introduced in 1994, but it starts to introduce some primary information about Laos much(prenominal) as the basic information about population, land area, religions and so on (See the Laos at glitter in the table 1 below) and the investment incentive policies provided by the government of Laos. galore(postnominal) another(prenominal) scholars explained that, market size and be of production is the key in attracting investment. Krugman (1991a) argues that the interaction of market, transport costs, and fixed investment costs determines the location of patience. In the Morissets article (2003, p. 253), the impact of tax revenue incentives on FDI is not obvious that it can help in promoting investment. In the past few decades the numerous studies of world-wide investors save indicated that the investment incentive policies are not major factor in their investment location decision. More important factors such as stand, semi policy-making stability, labor and the cost of production, however in this study is going to explain and provide evidences that investment incentive policies provided by government are the key factor in attracting investment in the case of Laos. well-nigh of the data and information using in here are mainly from the concerning ministries in the Laos as substantial. Thus, once a tally, the scope of this thesis is not covering all aspects of the economic development in country it will focus only on the laws and regulations applied to opposed investment especially in hydropower sector. Furthermore, there is no any hypothesis test in this paper, as the objective of the paper is to prove and examine the effective of the Strategic enthronisation Promotion for Laos. The main study shall be identifying the issues of using incentive policies and drawing out the strategic policies for recommendations.In order to make this paper easy to read and complete, this paper is developed into four chapters. The chapter one is the introduction chapter, where the oecumenical information, thesis statement and scope of this paper are drawn. The second chapter is literature reviews colligate to the orthogonal investment policies. The third chapter wil l focuses on overview of Laos economy, FDI and Hydropower Sector in the economic and social development in Laos. In this chapter, the data and mannikins are illustrated in order to instruct how ever-changing in hydropower sector in Laos with the policies and incentives offering, plus more specific study on the comparative study, which will focuses on the analyzing of the incentive and disincentive on unusual direct investment. The last chapter is shutdown and recommendations approaches. In this chapter, the policies recommendations are drawn. Then the last part of the paper is the references.Lao PDR at a Glance (Table 1)NameLao Peoples Democratic RepublicSurface Area Populationtotal 236,800 sq km, land 230,800 sq km, weewee 6,000 sq km 1995 census 4,574,848 (2007 estimate 6,677,534)Density25 people per sq kmLand Boundariestotal 5,083 kmBordersMyanmar 235 km, Cambodia 541 km, China 423km, Thailand 1,754 km, Viet Nam 2,130 kmLanguagesLao (official), French, English, and various ethnic languagesClimateTropical monsoon rainy season (May to November) dry season (December to April)ReligionBuddhist 65 percent , animist 32.9 percent , Christian 1.3 percent, other and unspecified 0.8 percent (1995 census)Time zonaUTC+7CurrencyKip (LAK)Exchange RatesAs of October 6th, 2008 1 Dollar 8560 Kips 1 Euro 11680 KipsGDP39,284 trillion Kips (Nominal, 2007 estimate) 4.1 US$ billionGDP per Capita604 USS (2006)Source stinting Research Department, MPI, Laos, 2007Chapter II Literature Review contradictory Direct Investment PolicyRecently, galore(postnominal) scholars try to explain and point out the factors for contrasted investment location decision in developing countries. On the other hand there are many studies and articles related the FDI and its policies in developing countries. The developing countries try to develop their investment policies and strategic plan in order to attract the foreign investmentIn the article of Shaukat Ali and Wei Guo (2005) explained the beh avior of MNCs in China, with its huge potential market size as the most important factor for attracting FDI to China, with its large population, steady economic growth, tack integrations are the perfect combination in attracting FDI. The authors encourage point out that the Chinese Government incentive policies are another important factorIn the article of Ekrem Tatoglu (2002), it is was found that market size, openness of the economy, and infrastructure of the army country had positive effect, but the lack of exchange rate and economic stability had negative effect but not significant, however to some extent, it has slowed down its efforts to receive much higher volume of foreign investment.In the Morissets article (2003, pp. 253) point out that the relation between investment insurance policy such as tax incentives and FDI is not the most significant whether it can help the host country in gaining the foreign investment. Over the past few decades they are numerous studies fro m the international investors have indicated that investment policy such as tax incentives are not the most important factor for investment locations, more important factors such as infrastructure, labor and political stability. except it doesnt mean that the investment policy has no effect on attracting foreign investment, one of the commodity examples is the Irelands tax incentives which have been recognized as key in attracting foreign investors over the past deuce decades. Moreover, there has been growing support evidence that investment policy influence the location decisions of companies within regional economic groupings, such as the European Union, North American Free Trade Area, and Association of selenium Asian Nations.No doubt that market size is important to foreign investment in deciding location but other factors such as the investment policy and institutional framework, are essential in influential a countrys attractiveness to FDI. There are three forms of investme nt incentive policies tax incentives, subsidies, export processing zones (EPZs). The investment policy can be favorable to foreign investment or unflavored to foreign investment in order to protect local industriesThe effect of FDI will depend, in part, on the form that FDI takes. FDI directed to heavily protected industries or attracted by very costly incentives may have a low, or even negative, effect on growth and productivity, Attitudinal and empirical research on the effect of tax incentives on FDI has been inconclusive.In the article of Hearnest (2007, pp.25-30) dedicated that if the investment policy such as tax incentives may be steady-going for a country. This is so if some conditions are contents. First, the investment policy must lead to an increased of inflow in FDI into that country by attracting FDI that would not come without the front end of the incentives. Second, these FDI should contribute to the countrys development by offering turn ins to the country that m ore than offset (the returns) the foregone tax revenue in form of tax incentives granted to the investors. When trying to find out who should qualify for the tax incentives in Tanzania therefore, the work will focus on some types of investments that would not come to Tanzania without the presence of the incentives, but have the potential of contributing positively to the development of the country. As for who should not qualify, a focus will be on those investments that would come in any circumstance (in this case the absence of tax incentives).FDI determinants that MNEs look for are the presence of economic, political and social stability and rules regulating entry and operations of businesses. Others are standards of treatment of foreign affiliates business facilitation (including, inter-alia, investment incentives and thereby tax incentives market size, growth, structure and regainibility raw materials, low cost but efficient labour force and physical infrastructure in form of p orts, roads, power and telecommunication. circumstantial incentives may not be main determinants of a countrys attractiveness to FDI. A countrys general economic and political conditions, municipal market, natural and other resources may be more important than some specific incentives. However various incentives have been found to influence investments.Since specific incentives may not be main determinants of a countrys attractiveness to FDI. A countrys general economic and political conditions, domestic market, natural and other resources may be more important than some specific incentives. However various incentives have been found to influence investments.In the conclusion for the literature reviews, there are both advantages and disadvantages by offering the investment incentives policy from the host countries to the foreign investors. However, most of the articles presented in there seem to support the investment incentives policy (tax incentives) offered by many developing c ountries. There is no doubt that this form of investment incentives are dominated in many developing from now and in the future, especially the ASEAN nations, particularly Laos. In this context, this paper will lead through the way that investment incentives are really strategic tools for FDI attracting in Laos.CHAPTER III Overview of Economy, FDI and Hydropower Sector in Laos3.1 watercourse Laos Economic SituationAs the Lao government set their development goal which aiming to poverty-stricken the country from being least developed country by the Year 2020, it ultimate goal is to graduate from the status of being a least developed country and become sustainable development nation. To achieve the goal, Laos needs the capital and human resource capacity, as Laoss lack of these things. Thus, the Foreign investment especially in hydropower and minelaying sector are playing an essential role in increasing the governments revenue (capital generation), job creations and so on.Since the Laos government started their economic liberalization, the new economic mechanism (NEM) in 1986, the Government of Laos has made the development of unavowed sector and attraction of the foreign investment as the strategic priority, thus the implementation of investment policies are very important to investment especially in attracting foreign direct investment.With the advantages such as political stability, natural resources, low labor costs, strategic location and incentive investment policies, both domestic and foreign investment has notably evidenced its contribution to the Laos Social Economic Development. Generally the total (public and private) investment mobilized blush wine significantly from 21.3 percent of GDP in 2001 to about 29 percent in 2005, and modal(a)d at 27.8 percent for the atomic number 23-year period which mainly from FDI1. The foreign investment has provided further drive to Laos economic growth. The government of Lao PDR provided good climate for invest ment, such as infrastructures, telecommunication, political stability, stable macroeconomic condition and law and regulation related to investment.With the Laos National Social and Economic Development Plan (NSEDP), Laos government had achieved to maintain the economic prospect with an average GDP from year 2000 to 2010 approximately about 7.73 percent (see figure 1), mainly benefiting from expanding natural resources within the country. By encouraging Foreign Direct Investment, Laos economy has been gradually increased in many sectors, especially industry sector and go sector, which by 2009 had reached 70 percent of GDP. (See Figure 2 and 3)Industrial sector has large(p) in recent year with rapid rate, accounted an average rate about 11.3 percent per year. The mining industry increased by 33.87 percent tobacco 20.75 percent food processing 9.17 percent textiles 20.11 percent and garments 11.15 percent. The services sector has been positively meet the requirements of production an d trading, from 2001to 2005, the growth rate in total revenues from services sector accounted an averaged at 10 percent per year.2According to National Social and Economic Development Plan, in general Government of Laos (GoL) has performed well with its ambitious economic target and strong economic growth which grounding to broad the country from the status of least-development country by 2020.Figure 1 Laos real GDP growth in percentageSource International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Economic panorama 2010Figure 2 Laos GDP composition by sectorSource CIA World Fact BookFigure 3 Laos GDP per capita compared by continentSource International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Economic Outlook 2010In recent year the Government of Laos (GoL) continue to work hard and try to boost its foreign trade with the aim to increase more in export, the structure of their economic changed with the shares of the private sector and Foreign Investment in the economy have increased. In particular, Foreign Dir ect Investment has facilitated the creation of new products and increasing size of the markets including the entry of new markets. The number of foreign direct investments and private domestic in the past five years stood at 9.7 billion USD, in which foreign direct investments accounted for 8 billion USD3. Thus, the private sector has become more and more essential in the economy of the Laos.The Lao PDR has been headed for business in regional and global economic integration. It is vital to Laos economic with its potential in domestic and foreign investors to guarantee the benefits from the liberalization of trade. Being the member of ASEAN, ATFA and WTO applicant providing opportunity for the country in trade and attracting foreign direct investment increasing the market entry by reduced 98 percent of its tariffs (zero to five percent in 2008). However Laos faced the problem of trade imbalance, in the year of 2007 to 2008 the total trade was 2630.9 million USD which number of expor t only 822.7 million USD (see Table 2)3.2 Foreign Direct Investment and Hydropower Trends in LaosForeign direct investment is playing crucial role in Laos economy, with the implementation of Investment natural law in 2004 which the Government of Laos (GoL) given huge investment incentive to foreign investors especially tax incentive, as the resulted in 2005 onward the FDI inflow has been significantly increased especially in mining sectors and hydropower sectors. In 2006 the FDI inflow raised up to 2,699 million USD and in 2009 increased more than 4,312 million USD (see figure 4 and figure 5).Figure 4 Foreign Direct Investment in LaosSource Raw data from Ministry of cookery and Investment, LaosFigure 5 Foreign Direct Investment by Sector 2000-2010(Jun)Source Raw info from Ministry of Planning and Investment, LaosNot heretofore complete3.3 Analysis Study of Investment Incentives and Disincentives in Laos3.3.1 Investment Incentives in LaosTax exemptions from some major industrial n ationsLao receive the trade privileges from European Union such as GSP privilege. Currently, the receiving GSP is from 42 countries from EU, Japan, Canada, Switzerland, Vietnam and etc. Thus, the garment investment sector is clam up having comparative advantages in attracting many textile companies to invest in Laos. Mostly, investors are from Taiwan, Japan and Thailand. Furthermore, Laos has sign the Normal Trade Relations (NTR) with ground forces in December 2004. This is the signal for Laos to join the world trade system (membership of WTO is underway). Such membership leads sure-footed for foreign investors doing business in Laos.Land-linked countryThis is going to be trade hub in the Southeast Asia region, which has access to ASEAN market with more than 500 million. Inhabitants including southern part of neighboring China, which adds up together ambit near 1 billion people, this is going to be the huge market in the world. Currently, the main roads reaching every corner of the international border pointed have been built. In the next five year, Laos can be the transit goods and connect Southeast Asia to the Northeast and Central Asia.Abundant water resources, rich in mineral resources, and plentiful of productive land Laoss government still enjoys receiving the application for the development of the hydropower dams and mining concession from foreign investors. These two sectors are main attractive sectors for foreign investors around the world. The abundant water resources help Laos to gain more major foreign investors to invest in the hydropower project, which lead Laos to be the electricity supplier or battery of Asia. Furthermore, unexploitations of mining areas are still existed and waiting for right foreign investors to invest in this sector.Most of the mines are gold, copper, coal, tin, Zink and others. Thus, this is another sector that the Lao governments use to promote and attract foreign investors for investing. Moreover, there are plentiful of productive land for foreign investors to do the plantation projects for the industrial plantation such as sugar, palm trees, eucalyptus, and so on. Currently, many big paper companies are investing for the industrial plantation in Laos such as Oji paper factory (Japan), and Birla Pulp Company (India).Laos Economic zonaSavannakhet Province is a hub of trade and services in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS). The province is linking Lao PDR with Thailand, and Vietnam on the course No.9. It is also all along the Road No.13 which runs through Lao PDR, leading north into China and South into Cambodia. The construction of Road and bridge will progress develop Savannakhet as a trade and services zone in near future and will bring an expansion of markets which will create further business opportunities for all the economic sectors in Savannakhet province, thus Savannakhet Special Economic Zone (SSEZ) which linking neighboring countries in the Asian region with a total population of mor e than 500 million people and thus is a main centre for trade and services. The categories of business activities planned to be developing in the Savannakhet Special Economic Zone (SSEZ) include the followingExport Processing ZoneFree Trade ZoneFree do and Logistic Centre including tourism, banking and other activities.3.3.2 Disincentive of Investment in LaosGeographic condition (land locked country) and poor infrastructure Laos has no border with the sea, thus this is only obstacle for the transportation. The cost of transport goods from Laos to the sea port in Thailand or in Vietnam is quite expensive and may take longer time for the goods to reach the cultivation due to the documentations and unforeseen events that can happen anytime. Furthermore, the infrastructure in Laos is not quite good especially the road condition in some places or provinces. These cause the transportation cost high and the return on investment or shekels is not so high as expected.However, with the sup port from the international financial organization such as ADB and World Bank, the Lao government has put the budget for the infrastructure development for the main route to the sea ports such as Road R3 connecting Thaiiand-Laos-China, the road No. 9 connecting Thailand-Laos-Vietnam, Road No. 13 run through the whole countries from North to South of Laos. The vision of the government is to change Laos as Land-Locked country to the Land-Linked country. By achieving this goal, the cost of transportation will be reducing for sure.macroeconomic instability Lao economic is not independent economic system. Directly and in in a flash, the economic depends on the changing of the Thai and Vietnamese economic growth. Now, the Lao economic is more likely to depend to the Chinese economic as well now, as the major foreign investors is Chinese investors. The Lao currency (Kip) is none tradable currency, so it depends on the changing of the US dollars and Thai Baht. For instance, when the financi al crisis occurred in 1997, supported that Lao can escape cock from this crisis, however, it hit hardly by the crisis as most of the commodities goods import from Thailand. Thus, when the global crisis hit Thailand, it will directly and indirectly hurt Lao economy.However, Lao government has put more afford to monitoring the economic development in Laos and try to not depending on one country economy such Thailand. Now, the free flow of goods leads Laos to escape from the dependent economic from Thailand. Laos can gain access to the Vietnam and China market now. lilliputianish market Although the economy sounds goods in recent years, but the total expenditure of the Lao people is still low. Most of the markets in Laos are small in size and number of consumers. Most of the big spending on consumers is in the main city, but not in the rural areas. However, most of people in the city cross the border to Thailand in spending for the commodities goods. In recently, the good economic r ecovered and increasing in FDI inflow in to the country, Lao people spend more money in commodities and highlife goods. Thus, this is the good sign in increasing Lao people spending. In the near future, the Lao small market is going to graduate to the big market soon. Thailand. Now, the free flow of goods leads Laos to escape from the dependent economic from Thailand. Laos can gain access to the Vietnam and China market now.3.4 Comparative Study of Investment natural law (1994 and 2004)3.4.1 The Investment Law in 1994Not in time complete3.4.2 The Investment Law in 2004Not yet completeLaw on the Promotion and Management of foreign Investment in the Lao PDR (1994)Law on the Promotion of Foreign Investment In the Lao PDR (2004)Formof FDI 2 forms of FDIa) A articulatio Venture with one or more domestic Lao Investorsb) A 100% foreign- owned enterprises granting immunity from import duties for intermediate components and raw materials imported for processing and re-exportUniform direc t rate of 1% of import value of equipment, means of production, spare parts and other materials used in operation of investment projectsNo export duties on finished productsAnnual profit tax at a uniform flat rate of 20%Special privileges, including reduction or exemption from theprofit-tax rate, are given based on the size of investments and the significant positive impacts that such investments have on the socio- economic development of Lao PDR 3 forms of FDIa) Business Cooperation by contractb) A joint venture with one or more domestic Lao investors (Foreign equity should not be less than 30% of total investment capital) orc) A 100% foreign- owned enterprise0% of import duties on production vehicles, machinery, equipment and raw materialsNo export duties on finished products Profit tax is classified into 3 groups 20%, 15% and 10% and profit tax exemption is offered for a certain period depending on activities, investment areas and size of investment1) Zone One (area with no econo mic information infrastructure)7 years profit tax exemption thenceforth a profit tax of 10%2) Zone Two (areas with certain level of economic infrastructures)5 years profit tax exemption3 years profit tax of 7.5%thereafter a profit tax of 15%3) Zone Three ( areas with good infrastructure)2 years profit tax exemption2 years profit tax of 10%thereafter a profit tax of 20%OtherIncentivesInvestment term is up to 30 yearsFreedom to transportation their shekels back home or to third countriesRight to employ foreign expatriatesPersonal income tax at a flat rate of10%Investment term is up to 75 yearsFreedom to expatriate their earnings back home or to third countriesRight to employ foreign expatriates (not exceed 10% of the enterprises labor)Personal income tax at a flat rate of 10%Source Ministry of Planning and Investment, Lao PDRCase Study of Foreign Direct Investment on Hydropower Sector in LaosNot yet completeChapter IV ConclusionNot yet complete

Principles of Construction Management

Principles of Construction cautionContents (Jump to)1. Gulick 7 Functions2. Fayol3. Management Theories4. Challenges Managing People in Construction5. Conclusion6. BibliographyWord number 20701. Gulick 7 FunctionsIn 1937, social scientists Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick (Papers on the Science of Administration) describe seven major activities and duties of any higher authority or organisation. Since then, the acronym POSDCORB has been employ to describe the 7 functions of macrocosmagersThis essentially refers to the various steps or stages tortuous in a typical administrative process. POSDCORB stands forPlanning This essentially refers to establishing a broad outline of the function to be completed and the procedures required to concur through them.Organising Organising involves establishing a structure of authority, formally classifying, defining and synchronising the various sub-processes or subdivisions of the work to be d angiotensin-converting enzyme.Staffing This in volves recruiting and selecting the right-hand(a) female genitalsdidates for the job and facilitating their orientation and training whilst maintaining flavor in their work and their environment.Directing This comprises of continual decision making and commission structured instructions and orders to execute them.Coordinating This prefatorialally refers to arranging and piecing in concert the various components of the work.Reporting Reporting involves regularly updating knowledge most the progress or the work related activities. The information dissemination shot be through records or inspection.Budgeting Budgeting involves all the activities that fall under Auditing, Accounting, and find.POSDCORB broadly fits into the Classical Management movement, being classified as an element of scientific forethought. Gulicks POSDCORB principles were instrumental in highlighting the possible action of span of control, or limits on the number of mess one art objectager could superv ise, as strong as union of com military mand to the fields of attention and public administration.For Luther Gulick, the primordial problem of administration was determining how to achieve the coordination and control necessary to fill organisational objectives.His solution was to establish a strong chief executive to restoration the divisive aspects of change magnitude specialisation and division of labour.2. FayolGulick and Urwick built their ideas on the preliminary 14 Principles of Management by Henri Fayol in his book General and industrial Management (1918). Fayol defined theory as a collection of principles, rules, methods, and procedures tried and checked by general experience (Fayol 1918)Fayols 14 PrinciplesDivision of supportAuthority and ResponsibilityDisciplineUnity of CommandUnity of instructionSubordination of Individual Interest to General InterestRemuneration of provide officeCentralisationScalar Chain (line of authority with peer level communication) b aseball clubEquityStability of Tenure of PersonnelInitiativeEsprit de CorpsFayols influence on Gulick is evident in the 5 elements of oversight discussed in his book. Fayol clearly believed personal effort and team kinetics were part of an none much(prenominal) organisation.Planning examining the future and drawing up plan which atomic number 18as of actionOrganising construct up the structure (labour and material) of the undertakingCommand- maintaining activity among the personnelCo-ordination unifying and harmonising activities and efforts.Control opineing everything that occurs conforms with policies and practices.Fayols five principle roles (Plan, Organise, Command, Co-ordinate, and Control) of management are calm actively practiced today.The idea of giving authority with righteousness is as wellspring as widely commented on and is well practiced, though his principles of unity of command and unity of wariness are not adhered to in the structure of choice in many of todays companies.3.0 Management TheoriesThere are several(prenominal) chief(prenominal) management theories which basically classified are as followsThe scientific Management schooling such as the works of Frederick W. Taylor and Lillian Gilbreths dubiousness study,The Classical Organisational conjecture School such as the works of Henri Fayols views on administration, and Max Webers idealised bureaucracy,The Behavioural School with the work of Elton mayo and his associates.Management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, works(a) together in crowds, efficiently accomplish selected aims (Koontz and Weihrich 1990, p. 4).Theories fork over an disposition of what we encounter. A theory provides criteria for what is relevant. Theories enable us to communicate effectively and generate more and more complex dealingships with other people. Theories make it possible to musical accompaniment learning active our professions with conti nuous organic evolution.Management TheoriesSince the late 1800s management theories and scientific preliminaryes have been produced by a number of people such as Henri Fayol, Fredrick Taylor, Elton Mayo, Henry Gantt and blackguard and Lillian Gilbreth. These people introduced the classical and scientific cominges and everyplace the years essential these principles through their working careers. These styles have changed, merged and stayed the akin waiting of the person implementing their ideas and the type of company they work for.The traditional classical approach started around the beginning of the 19th century and mainly centre on efficiency together with bureaucratic, scientific and administrative styles of management. The bureaucratic style of management tends to rely heavily on a structure of guidelines such as rules and procedures. While the scientific approach to management mainly focuses on the opera hat way to do a job and the administrative style genuinely emph asises the flow of information in the operation of the organisation.Later towards the end of the twentieth century the empowerment style was developed and as a resoluteness helped give the employee a sense of responsibility. This was done by offloading some of managements work onto the shop floor and turn gave the employee a sense achievement and direction at work.Modern Theories of Management, Human RelationsDouglas McGregor (1906-1964) Who is best kn take in for his locution of two sets of assumptions- possibility X and theory Y. McGregor argued that managers should shift their traditional views of man and work (which he termed Theory X) to a new humane views of man and work (which he termed Theory Y).According to McGregor, A theory X attitudes man was lazy and work was bad were both pessimistic and counterproductive. Theory X assumes that people have little ambition, dislike work, want to block responsibility, and pauperism to be closely supervised to work effectively.Theory Y, proposed that man wanted to work and work was good. Theory Y offers a affirmative view, assuming that people can exercise self-discipline, accept responsibility and go out work to be as natural as rest and play. McGregor believed that Theory Y encompassed the true nature of workers and should guide management practice. Fig 1. Douglas McGregor Theory X and Y.Scientific management This type of management was introduced by Frederick Taylor and focuses on the worker and machine relationship and as a result of this approach helps increase productiveness by increasing the efficiency of the production processes and as a result of his research, Ford Motor Co. embraced this style of management. This type is also designed so that all(prenominal) member of staff has a specified, well controlled task that can be performed as instructed.Time and motion Frank and Lillian Gilbreth developed this method by focusing on identifying the individual motions of a task. These motions were combined to form both the methods of each(prenominal) operation and the time it took to carry out each task. They believed it was possible to design and time the method of each task in advance, rather than relying upon observation of trial and faulting.Administrative Management Henry Gantt developed the Gantt chart, which is used for scheduling oerlapping tasks over a period of time. Gantt charts have since become a common technique for representing the phases and activities of a working project and break down the structure so they can be understood by all.Gantts management approach focused on motivational schemes and as such emphasised heavily on rewarding staff for good work as opposed to disciplining them over poor work. He also looked at the quality of management skills in building effective industrial organisations.Motivation Abraham Maslow developed the human relations and behaviour theory in the 1950/60s by distinguishing between what motivates people to do authoritative activities . His theory suggested that people had to satisfy one level of need before moving onto the next and this in turn resulted in what finally motivates people / staff. This is shown in the pyramid illustration as shown below.Fig 2 . Maslows Hierarchy of Needs authority This style of management is a modern theory and was developed in the early 90s and basically gives the employee a sense of power at work. This is carried out by the employee being authorised by their superior to carry out certain duties without the need to seek approval from above. This type gives the employee a sense of responsibility and achievement while helping to reduce the workload of their boss and in turn cuts down the amount of work the manager has to do as they have delegated certain responsibilities.4. Challenges Managing People in ConstructionAs highlighted in numerous government and academic reports (Latham, 1994 Egan, 1998, Fairclough, 2002), the structure industry is a firmament of the economy which face s many challenges, especially in terms of performance.There are many challenges facing a bodily structure manager. Many challenges are a result of twist operations, while others are a result of verifying activities. A number of challenges are not construction related issues and must be addressed and managed by the construction manager. These issues include manpower/labour considerations, safety, time, and the changing nature of construction work.The construction industry in general is a labour intensive industry and the role of construction manager is to manage people in a strategic and tactical way. One way of managing people would be a classical theory on human behaviour / relations such as Elton Mayos on motivation, as a group working dynamics will always have an impact on the projects performance.The term group working dynamics refers to the attitudes, energy and interaction of its groups members and leaders. The groups working dynamics will always be dependent on the gener al effectiveness and efficiency of the project depending on the coordinated efforts of staff working together as a team.Human resource is the most rich asset in construction industry. Human resource practices are broadly speaking concerned with gaining value through increased skills, productivity, contribution, and cost consciousness and productivity are the important factors affecting the overall success of any construction project.Human resource management is the process of finding out what people want from their work, what an organization wants from its employees, and then matching these two sets of needs.Construction projects depend on the knowledge and skills of planning and executing the work. The quality of this most important resource people, which is what differentiates one team or company from another. Having talented management on board to guide and direct a project is paramount. Having the right balance of skilled and unskilled workers to perform the work is a basic ne cessity. Finding and recruiting sufficient numbers of skilled, talented people is becoming increasing difficult. There are many reasons this is a problem. One of which is construction is broadly viewed as being one of the least desirable industries in which to work. By nature construction is dangerous, dirty, hard work. Other industries out there offer preferred work environments that are cleaner, safer, and generally more desirable. Consequently, there is a severe shortage of talented people willing to work in construction.In order to maximise long term performance, it is important to provide the training necessary to enlighten your work reap.Leadership must be developed among the workforce to aid in effectively coordinating work activities by providing communication links between management and labour. This provides the opportunity for upward mobility and gives incite people the chance to advance professionally. Empowerment leads to high levels of commitment, enthusiasm, self-mo tivation, productivity, and diversity. Benefits of this include feelings of appreciation, belonging, and heightened self-worth.Empowerment enables employees to make decisions for which they are accountable and responsible.Empowerment of workforce is one of the keys to amend construction performance.5. Conclusion The management theories that have been discussed, important as they are, have to be translated in practice by construction managers, For practicality, all construction managers must develop three sets of skills, namely conceptual, technical, and human ( Fleet and Perterson 1994, p. 25). A good construction manager should also be able to see members of the organisation as human beings who have needs and psychological feelings and emotions.The development of management theory involves the development of concepts, principles, and techniques. There are many theories about management, and each one ad to our knowledge of what managers should do. Each one has its own characterist ics and advantages as well as limitations. The operational, or management process combines each and systematically integrates them.The styles of management best suited to construction are a blend of all described above whilst trying to motivate staff using both the autocratic and democratic approaches because of the need to be one type of boss with one employee and another with somebody else. This is extremely universal when dealing with health and safety where and autocratic authoritative style is a prerequisite to the success of reducing the risk of accidents on site. Therefore a manager who makes definitive attempts to translate theory into practice is more possible to increase productivity than a manager who chooses to use the trial and error method of management.6. BibliographyEgan, J (1998) Rethinking construction report of the construction task force on the scope for improving the quality and efficiency of UK construction, DETR, capital of the United Kingdom.Fairclough, J., (2002), Rethinking construction innovation and research A review of government RD policies and practices, Department of Trade and Industry, LondonFayol, H. (1949). General and Industrial Management. (C. Storrs, Trans.). London Sir Isaac Pitman Sons, LTD. (Original work published 1918)Fryer, B. (2004) The make out of Construction Management, 4th Ed, Oxford Blackwell Publishing Ltd.Gulick, L. H. (1936). Notes on the Theory of Organization. L. Gulick L. Urwick (Eds.), Papers on the Science of Administration.Koontz Harold and Weihrich Heinz (1990) Essentials of Management, Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill.Latham, M., (1994), Constructing the team, HMSO, LondonOxley, R. And Poskitt, J. (2007) Management Techniques Applied to the Construction Industry, fifth Ed, Oxford Blackwell Publishing Ltd.Winch, G.M. (2008). Managing Construction Projects, Oxford Blackwell Publishing Ltd.WebsitesFigure 1 taken from genus Beta Codex Network (2008) The Way People Are Online available from http//www.beta codex.org/de/ boss/508 Accessed February 2014Figure 2 taken from Maslows hierarchy of needs Online available from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslows_hierarchy_of_needs Accessed February 2014S150-943

An Exploratory Study On Student Engagement Education Essay

An Exploratory force field On assimilator Eng mountment Education Essay query on high(prenominal) schooling studies places emphasis on case studyal practices. This is especially original in a country much(prenominal) as Lebanon, which has experienced rapid growth in the repress of institutes of higher education, and, in parallel, the event of university disciples. savoury undergraduate students has been one major ara of focus since research has sightn pursue educational activities enhance the educational process and setting. Engaged students learn much material and learn it much(prenominal) effectively. Benchmarks and techniques sacrifice been established in put in to engage the dis assiduous members of a student body. Training academic dexterity and module in the argona of interlocking, and the application of engaging techniques presents institutes of higher education with newfangled possibilities for enhancing the quality of education. 116 Lebanese students effected an dispute survey in a advance study on variables which may correspond to take aims of meshwork. The study launch that sexual urge and eld at university were meaningfully colligate to higher levels of engagement.1 IntroductionAccording to Hu and Kuh 1 student engagement is the most authorized performer of higher education in terms of larn and development. They define engagement as the quality of student effort devoted to educationally meaningful activities. Their research has revealed that academic performance improves as a result of ambitious goals in the schoolroom environment. They as well as found that students indispensability to both unwrap and master challenges in and give away of the severaliseroom environment. However, a great number of students do not believe they ar being adequately challenged to collide with their academic needs. legion(predicate) students excessively report they argon not take voice in activities that ar known to be engaging.1.1 Student DisengagementResearch conducted at the University of California at Santa Barbara 2 showed an emerging culture of disengagement. This is due to several(prenominal) societal factors. Flacks and Thomas2 believe that, in an effort to accommodate higher be of students, scholastic quality has been compromised. The amount of age students spend studying and officious in on-campus activities has decreased as they spend more time working(a) and socializing off campus. Students seemed to be less prepared academically when they live college courses therefore they are unable to avail themselves of all the university experience has to press. Consequently, they are less active 3.Boyer 4 believed that higher education is increasingly a break down of the problem of student disengagement as opposed to being a part of the solution. Some institutes of higher education sport last places students are credentialed kind of wherefore fostered to address the problems of their societies. In golf-club to facilitate the cognition of engagement, academia moldiness connect the rich resource of our students to the responsibility thereof and address the social, civic, and ethical problems of well-manneredization. In doing so, the scholarship of engagement will show its worth and service to a worldwide audience 4.1.2 Engagement circulating(prenominal) research and lit show student demographics, habits and interests have changed over time 5, 6, 7. This new campus culture has led to changing student expectations as well. Students want to be challenged and they want to know that their teacher is operable to them both in and out the classroom. Students prefer instructors that motivate them to engage with classroom content 8, 9.Creating activities related to student habits would better engage students in classroom content. For example, Kuh 9 found that glide the internet was the leisure activity which demonstrated the greatest increase from 1996 until 20 01. Students in addition spent more time listening to music, and watching movies than in forward years. Institutes of higher(prenominal) Education should accommodate the needs and expectations of these new students. Emerging engineering has necessitated the inclusion of interactivity, more involvement with the teacher as facilitator, and a great emphasis on engine room as a acquisition puppet into traditional models of learning and course design. Educationally purposeful activities using info technology, such as emailing faculty or students about assignments, encouraged collaboration and increased contact with other students and faculty. Using information technology had a strong verifying blood with students overall flier of engagement. 9An engaging classroom results in students engaged with classmates, instructor, and subject content. Additionally, faculty and student interaction seems to be a significant factor of quality student engagement and satisfaction. Studies have shown a positive correlation exists surrounded by engagement pull ahead and faculty availability and access outside of class. 7, 6Hu and Kuh 1 found student engagement to be a function of the interaction of students and various institutional characteristics. Students who had more positive views of their college or university campus were more likely to have higher engagement scores 10.Kuh and Hu 11 used data from the College Student Experiences Questionnaire (CSEQ) database to compare undergraduate student experiences at research institutions and their counterparts in other college classifications. This study suggests that student engagement is varied among the different types of institutions. They found liberal arts colleges tended to score better in student engagement than other classifications of colleges. The variance of engaging institutions is related to the institutions foreign mission rather than classification. The belief that small, close liberal arts colleges are mor e engaging institutions was not supported by the study11. However, liberal arts colleges consistently excel in the benchmarking for faculty-student interaction. It is presumed that since classes are smaller there is greater hazard for faculty-student contact 7.Defining institutional excellence is only successful in terms of the institutions effective educational practices or processes. The most serious indicators of excellence, in the university setting, include quality and focus of instruction, faculty and peer interaction, writing experiences, and active involvement in course work. In an engaged university, the student is exceedingly involved in the culture of the institute both in and out of the classroom. Increased engagement leads to increased acquisition of knowledge, skill development, and higher student graduation (retention) rates 12.Pike and Kuh 13 compared prime(prenominal)- and second-generation college students in levels of engagement and intelligence development. O n average, first-generation college students were less engaged, and do not engage in activities associated with success in college, such as accompaniment on campus and participating in extra-curricular activities. poor levels of engagement are not related to intelligence further rather to being the first family member to attend college, financial hardships, or living at home. The groups found to be more engaged overall include students living on campus, females, minority students, and students planning to pursue advanced degrees. These students excessively reported greater perceived gains in their intellectual development and learning performance 13.Engagement literature suggests that an engaging institutional environment positively affect learning productivity. These institutions not only attempt to engage students in class, but in college life, via social and civic organizations, intramural activities, sports events, and living in the campus community. The commitment to engagi ng students should be apparent in the institutions mission, vision, and philosophy. The members of the university faculty, staff, and administration essential wee-wee an environment that engages students on campus and in the classroom 14.1.3 Teaching in the classroomIf engagement is to be fostered and encouraged in the university setting, it is important to screen the learning environment instructors create. A study by Kuh 8 found that engaged students want prompt feedback. Teacher-student kinships of respect, as opposed to friendship, were also more contributing(prenominal) to learning 6, 7, 8.One standard of teaching in institutes of higher education is lecturing. Few students possess this type of intelligence and therefore this method is not conducive to an engaging classroom environment. According to The National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) annual reports students find methods, such as lecturing and logical argument taking, to be less than engaging 6, 7.Active lear ning is student learning via reading, writing, and participating in activities which apply learned concepts in an engaging air 6, 7. Engaging activities include class discussions, faculty and peer interactions, socialization in the college context, and interactive assignments 5, 6, 7.Student affect, a mental and stirred reaction toward learning, demonstrates engagement. Cues, such as student questioning or cognitive or emotional excitement of learning concepts, are examples of positive student affect. Kuh 9 found students with higher levels of affect, displayed more engaging learning behaviors. Teachers who make eye contact, use gestures and humor, and personalise examples in class stimulate higher levels of student affect. Equally important were instructors who develop engaging, active learning while communicating high standards of evaluate academic performance. 15Research14 shows teachers who are successful, as measured by student engagement in the classroom, create an interest ing and engaging learning environment. Research also revealed that outstanding teachers employ some types of strategies and methodologies. No single technique or specific delivery methodology yielded a greater number or percentage of engaged students. 14Henning 16 reported improvement in engagement when there were open classroom discussions, creative questioning, and important and relevant material. One methodology to make course content interesting and relevant is called rhetoric skill. The instructor begins with a narrative open to discussion. The instructor then elicits a more conceptual understanding of the topic as student participation increases. Students are encouraged to actively participate in debate and inquiry until they conceal the discussion. 16Similarly, Socratic questioning and responding deepens understanding of concepts that encourage student engagement. Effective teachers create a natural learning environment where students feel safe to say their opinions in a nonjudgmental, unbiased atmosphere. Engagement also increases when students work collaboratively to resolve problems. Finally, teachers who create diverse learning experiences will have more engaged and interested students overall 10.Regardless of methodology, it is important for teachers to empha size clarity and important points, use relevant examples, and speak intelligibly. To create highly engaged students, teachers must be aware of, and use, many teaching strategies. They should teach from within and become equal participants in the learning process. 172 The case of LebanonOpportunities for higher education in Lebanon today have reached levels unparalleled in Lebanese history. The first institutes of higher education in Lebanon were the American University of Beirut (formerly the Syrian Protestant College), founded in 1866 and Saint Joseph University, founded in 1875. It wasnt until 1953 that the public university, Lebanese University, was opened. 18 A private university educ ation at that time was only for the elite.After the Lebanese civil war came to an end, and the country began to stabilize, the demand for higher education began to grow. In 1996 the Ministry of Higher Education 18 set new licensing regulations for institutes of higher education. By 2000, 23 institutions (referred to as new universities) had been established. Lebanon currently boasts 41 institutes of higher education 19. These are shared out into 1 public university, 26 private universities, 7 university institutes, 3 university institutes of technology and 4 university institutes for religious studies. 18The UNESCO Institute for Statistics 20 released a set of gross registration ratios on education in Lebanon from in 2008. This shows that more and more females are continuing into higher education. By 2008, 52% of tertiary age students were in tertiary education (46-male 57-females) 20. Quantity was not the equivalent of quality, and only 7 of Lebanons universities were labeled as excellent 21.Lebanon is currently facing a restructuring in the area of higher education. In order to maintain its role as a leader of excellence in education in the put East, institutes of higher education must focus on the quality of their students as opposed to the quantity21. Quality assurance programs have become critical to Lebanese academics and educational institutes. The Trans-European Mobility Scheme for University Studies (TEMPUS) project, Quality Assurance for Higher Education in Lebanon (QAHEL) is one example. This project is to raise awareness of European models of quality in higher education among Lebanese higher education institutions. 193 The meditateThe questionnaire was established by Ahlfeldt, Mehta and Sellnow 17 in their research studies of classroom engagement. The questionnaire was proven in their research as both a valid and reliable measure of engagement with an alpha reliability of 0.84. thitherfore the researchers felt that this was an appropriate mech anism of measure for levels of engagement in MUBS classrooms.3.1Research Questions ar females more engaged than males?Are students who ego reported higher grade point averages more engaged than those with lower GPAs?Does age play a role in level of engagement?Does the level of student engagement differ according to the number of years at university?3.2 SampleThe researchers administered the questionnaire to 116 English communication skills students at The Modern University for Business and recognition (MUBS). MUBS, a new university, was established in 2000 and strives to maintain a quality oriented institute of higher education, in a highly hawkish market.In order to establish equal representation in the sample, in terms of the variables tested (gender, GPA, age and years at university), and the majors available at the university, the questionnaire was administered during English communication skills classes during the 1st week of the spring 2010 semester.MUBS doesnt offer a Engl ish as a major of study at the university. English communication skills courses are global requirements for all M.U.B.S students, regardless of major, when their address of instruction is English.4. ResultsCorrelations were run on the variables which were supposed to affect student levels of engagement. These variables were gender, self reported GPA scores, age and years at university.The relationship between gender and engagement was assessed using a paired-samples T-test. A significant relationship was found in the relationship between gender and student perceptions of engagement. On average females showed significantly greater levels of engagement, (F = 79.029, SE 1.428), than males (M= 70.407, SE 1.502), t (116) = -66.162, pIn order to assess the relationship between age and engagement, a bivariate correlation was used. There was no significant relationship between the age of students and engagement, r = -.069, p (one-tailed) .05.In order to assess the relationship between sel f reported GPAs and engagement, a bivariate correlation was used. There was no significant relationship between the self reported GPAs of students and engagement, r = -.072, p (one-tailed) .05.In order to assess the relationship between years at university and engagement, a bivariate correlation was used. There was a significant relationship between years spent at the university and engagement, r = .243, p (one-tailed) 5. ConclusionsThe research on MUBS students coincided with the literature on student engagement. Female and aged(a) students were found to be more engaged than their peers. Age and GPA showed no significant correlations to levels of student engagement. This could be true for a number of factors. branch of all women in Lebanon are slowly working to close the gender gap. Yet they may still feel they have to work double as hard as men to succeed. The other factor which may explain higher engagement among women is directly related to stressors of society. In general the re is the notion that girls cant go out as ofttimes or stay out as late as boys. Boys are allowed to be bad while girls must be angelic in behavior. These ideas may transfer over into the academic arena. With boys who dont mind achieving less since they are not held accountable. A boys will be boys mentality.In terms of superior student engagement levels, these students are not older and wiser, but rather have more university experience. They know what their teachers expect and meet those expectations readily. Seniors take part in more major courses, are assigned a ripened project, and are closer to completing their education and entering the real world. As they race towards graduation they are pushing harder to ensure they graduate on time. This includes a stipulation at the university of a minimum Accumulative GPA of 2.0 in order to graduate. Such factors may account for higher levels of engagement in senior students.One interesting factor was noted on 3 separate questionnaires from the Damour branch. 3 students added notes to their questionnaires. These notes stated that the only time they completed these activities (activities of engagement) was during English sessions. This might be beneficial to future MUBS engagement research.5. Limitations of the Study and Implications for Future ResearchThe questionnaire was administered in order to complete a preliminary study on student engagement at MUBS. In order for a total quality initiative to take place the class room questionnaire should perhaps be replaced with an NSSE questionnaire. A larger sample size should be tested.Also, Damour students take classes before 2 p.m, in the Hamra branch many courses begin after 2 and some classes continue until 7 or 8 p.m. This study does not take this into consideration.Previous studies on students have shown that the proportion of different religions at MUBS is not representative of a Lebanese sample. This is another limitation to the study.Another factor not tested fo r, but which may have affected the outcomes, is the idea of urban vs. rural student. Many of the students at MUBS live in villages and travel to university in the city and then back up to their villages in the mountains. They are country folk. This may also have skewed the results.There are also key variables the literature focuses on, and institutional characteristics which may be relevant to the MUBS study. Some of these are number of credits, branch of university, am-pm classes, first generation college student, socio-economic status, religion, choice of major and transfer students.

Misuse of Environmental Resources

Mis routine of Environmental ResourcesA.What is the forceMis ingestion of environs resources room wasting of our raw natural resources which leads to unbalance in the nature elements. This base be caused by two ship canal direct and indirect. For example, cutting forests to use their wood is considered as direct misuse at the same(p) quantify lacking of trees is reducing the amount of oxygen in the air and change magnitude the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) that is an indirect way of misusing.The significance of the issue.BIn the past, human beings adopted its home and c bay windowhing and their food defines on the environment, animals and different components, yet what is happening right away is a d rain in either forms of environmental resources like living plant, animal and non-living resources, soil, mineral and energy resources, and this is attrition problems to the environment . .The irrigate system is the most important reason for the persistence of aliveness on this planet, because its uses atomic number 18 many and varied ,and the amount of water on the surface of the Earth is not fixed and it will not gain ,for this reason the subject should be taken more than seriously by looking for ways to conserve water and keep it .The metal is the base of indus gauge and economic power ,hence it is important to maintain it . the change magnitude in the number of the human beings population is causing a rapidly drain and increase the cost of extraction , it is do itn to us that this energy had been formed since millions of eld and atomic number 18 not renewed, the throbbed they need millions of years until the other is made up once again. As for the wealth of plant food source, which is very important in our lives, they be also harmed by cutting trees and burning of forests, overgrazing, being do by close to ignorant shepherds and other things without thinking about the set of these trees that are a major source of food and energy in the body as they contribute to spueing the air from the exhaust gases such as carbon dioxide and also contribute to the process of transpiration in increasing the amount of rainfall. remained livestock is one of the most important sources through which a human on the protein needed to build his body and his bones and teeth, however, there are many species now threatened with extinction because of fishing in the breeding seasons.So what we percolate from the above is that we need to cheer our environment and its resources, use it in the right way in order to protect ourselves and our planet .Why are you choosing this issue.CIn the UAE there a lot of natural resources that are misused , in our project we are trying to explain what are this resources and how they are used in the pivotal way and what are its effectives on the society ,its so popular now a days , we need this resources to attention the tribe and give them the care to use it in the write way.D.Sources used We ha ve made round the university to ask the 20 students about our topic misused of natural resources in UAE and there opinion on it we have asked three questions which are Q1) What are the natural resources in UAE in their opinion?Answer was 10 girls gave an reaction of the petrol resources of petrol resources.5 girls gave an answer of the solar and energetic power.2 girls gave an answer of the pearls and sea.2 girls gave an answer of the oil source.Q2) Are those resources used in a proper way ?Answer was 10 girls state (yes)5 girls said (no)5 girls said (some used properly and other no)Q3)In what ways we can use this sources properly ?(random 5)E.What are the reasons of the issueThere are many reasons for this issue such as increasing population and their devour , the unawareness of some individual and groups with the serious of the problem, the development of industry and establish like trading in ivory, the luxuries living timeworn of rich stack to match their needs. Also we h ave deliberate negligence on demise of natural resources like dumping factory wastes on soil and land, refinement but least no restricted laws to be applied in order to protect and preserve our natural resources.F.What are the effects of the issue1.On the Individual level Consuming the amount of fresh water.Air pollution. sea tone pollution (lack of food).Lack of resources for the next generations.Depletion of petroleum and minerals resources.Extinction of some kinds of rare animals and put the lives of the rest endanger.Decline the developed countries because of the wrong environmental behavior.Creating hybrid organisms could match the new environmental conditions.Crack in the life chain.2.On the National and Global level You must be the change you wish to see in the world.These words were said by Gandhi those words were said to the people who misuse the environment, even though they know that this affects the world, now we are using a lot of the natural resources, as a govern ment issue we have a lot of consequences, such as acid rain and smog.In this new age that we are in, we use a lot of electronics, but the thing is these electronics, they need a lot of fuel to work which is a great loss because later on with time there wont be any fuels for the other electronics like cars to transport us or the air conditioner to cool us down, all these factors will drop with time and we wont be able to keep that same standard of living if we keep using the resources carelessly like we are now.We never wondered when we use up the fossil fuels, and they are no longer utilizable they end up in our lakes or oceans the bad thing is that this water has to be purify it because of all the pollutants that are present in the water and the people who are gaining from all this is the big businesses they clean the water and purify it. up to now the big businesses have some waste that they dont want to wield with the waste that they have left from the purification so they th row it spur to the water which they dont really care about its purity and the victims are the people who will think to drink, eat, or shower again with this water, and many more thing happen to us when the water in not splendid which affects our body and our ecosystem.G.What can be done to resolve this issueYou efficacy think its hard to solve, but its easy. If each one of us plant one small tree in his house, it will contribute in protecting our environment.A lot of people use cars even into the near place to their house, and of course they are not the only one who does the same thing, more and more do it.Instead of using cars, bicycles r unplayful option. Easy to ride and doesnt cause a lot of damages or pollution to the environment.Start with yourself, think, and imagine a clean environment, better world and healthy people.How about walking, its good for both your body and your worldEven for the people who must uses their cars every day, use refineries, do u know what that p olluted air can cause to human health and your environment.recycle had any one of u thought how much it can help in protecting our environment, people probably through stuff they use way, instead of that lets try using them in good ways again ,of course not everything but there is something that can be recyclable again such as papers , plastic , also try to reduce the amount of using it , instead use paper bags and composition board containers, Even a simple habit of buying in muckle can save a lot of packaging material , see its very easy things do and very small m but it makes huge difference with our environment , help us to green our world. get across the Earth well it was not given to you by your parents , it was loaned to you by your children antediluvian patriarch proverb.Society projec52 sectionTeam membersDina Amr Salem. Group Leader.Reem Ebrahim Kader.Mina Raafat Al Baali.Ghada Mohamed.Work plan split up A, E, F, the presentation, andforming the report. Dina Amr.paragr aph B and F. Mina Raafat.paragraph C and D. Ghada Mohamed.paragraph G and the brochure. Reem Ebrahim.

Different Organisational Structures And Culture Commerce Essay

Different Organisational Structures And Culture Commerce EssayThis base allow for discuss the exercise of unmarrieds and assemblys within brass sections. It leave behind investigate the connections among the organize and horti enculturation of fundamental laws and how these ca delectation together and affect the deed of employees it will to a fault explain the order of contrary leadership modalitys with in varied organisations. A comparative analysis will likewise be inducted, using quaternion companies namely British Air elans, S unwraphwest Airline, coca plant pinhead club and Tesco. liken and contrast different organisational social organizations and burnish.Organisational organizesOrganisational social organisation is transition to the continuum of statute of an organisation and how apiece sections of this power structure spiel together to attain the haves and objectives of the organisation.(Meese, 2012)An organisation structure is the focus the con summation is roofy up. This includes lines of communication and span of swan. It suspensors the business run efficaciously giving a visual picture of the organisation. Managers and employees ar in rushing with different task to love and by completing their task they basin improve organisation aims and objectives. on that point argon different types of organisational structures such as large-shanked and flat.A flat organisation has a sm only quash of levels or just superstar level of forethought were the sequence of bidment is from the happen to the bottom, it is short and the span of control is extensive. It squeeze out be suggested that British Airways organisational structure is flat as it suggests that its c atomic number 18 starts from the top to the bottom, it is not in any case long and the span of control is broad. British Airways theater director has lots of employees inform to them. Their organisation structure is divided into different departments whi ch argon readiness, investment and alliances, commerce, demonstrate operation, engineering, flight operation, finance, law, and gentle resource. These departments ready responsibility to ensure standard and superintend of performance. See British Airways organisational structure chart in (Appendix 1).A tall organisational structure slang galore(postnominal) levels of direction among the executives and the front line employees, where the structure from top to bottom is long and the span of control is not besides broad, it whoremonger be suggested that the coca plant pot alliance possesses a tall organisational structure. coca Cola has two operating groups that is bottling investments and corporate and operating groups in about all continents. See Coca Colas organisational structure chart in (Appendix 2).Organisational flori horticultureThe organisational culture consists of the essential assumption, thoughts principles and standard which are together with other(a) me mbers of an organisation come out from the history and tradition of an organisation. (BPP t all(prenominal)ing Media, 2010)Organisational culture includes of premises that members share and hold in common. It involves structural permanence and intrench all over the organisations languages. People brush off tell about an organisations culture by look at what staffs are wear, what time they come to exit and even by how office space is distri only ifed. The culture will be affecting from and have influenced on leadership and maintainment behaviors and it will guide a most substantial role in customer fulfilment. An organisations culture summ build up what it has been good at and what has expireed in the past. Every organisation has different cultures such asRole Culture This is suitable to a hierarchy organisational structure. This type of culture works well in employees performance on the role that he/she has been programmed and relates with the rules and regulations of the o rganisation.Task Culture This culture gives office for tidy sum to work as a team this works well in a leading structure.Power Culture This works ample in a matrix structure. It is found around one prevailing individual or manager.Person Culture this culture considers on providing administrative take care and backing and shut consideration to one individual in the organisation. (BPP Learning Media, 2010)In British Airways marketing combine with the extremely visible organisation culture experienced by passengers. The culture is actually what customers buy. It is a great font in which the physical type, such as seating and food, are implanted. Developing an effective re runs culture moves British Airways forward of its challengers or competitors, their culture can be viewed in the performance of cabin employees on board. See British Airways organisational culture in (Appendix 3) and the Coca Cola Company adopt two types of cultures such as, role culture and task culture see Co ca Cola organisational culture in (Appendix 4).Explain how the alliance among an organisations structure and culture can impact on the performance of the businessOrganisational structure is the hierarchical phases of an organisation the structure provides rule and dodging on agreement and employee responsibilities and affects the organisation culture. An organisations culture is a recognisable, together held conclave of opinion and values, as well as the types of employees relationships and ways of responsibilities to do things inner the organisation. Organisational structure impacts on organisation culture by means of authority, organising and promote employees to efforts and work together to attain caller aims and objectives. Organisational structure and culture have an effect on employee performance, motivation, satisfaction and relationships. Refereeing to British Airways and Southwest Airline organisational structure is the mode by which BA and Southwest Airline comm unicate, bang out responsibility and compatible to alteration. By organisational structure some(prenominal) airline can practice resources to attain its goals. They keep its structure active so that it can react to the things that impact organisational structure.However, most central thing that impacts organisational structure is the development. As a company develops, the impact on the structure of the organisation is important. This can be mostly true when organisation start to become larger, for guinea pig when British Airway and Southwest Airline start to obtain bigger to other geographic regions and the structure of their organisation will ontogenesis over. similarly customer needs have an impact in businesses, beca lend oneself customer service is important in business, that is why many companies have make complete separation devoted to customer service and maintenance. Technology can have an impact on how an organisation is structured and work. An example is com regor geer, when computer networks develop, it became rapid and easier for people to work as groups. Referring to British Airways and Southwest Airline the use computer to make reservations for customers, to keep data about airline employees and paysheet are essential and important.Every organisation has its feature culture. Since many employees unload to a greater extent hours at their workplace, their organisations culture affects two their work and personal lives. An organisational culture mentions to the viewpoint, thought, principles and values that the employees of an organisation attend tos to and culture is an important facets in the success and action of the organisation. However, culture has positive impact on organisation, and the affects is that it motivates and satisfies their employees by encouraging the true to the organisation values and objectives and make employees believe valued and trusted. It can help the adaptability of an organisation by cheering innovation, customers care tend to hold impudently regularity and technologies. Also it affects on organisation pick up and culture features image to be smart and attractive or unattractive and unappealing.Compare the authority of different leadership styles in different organisations.Leadership is a method of control in which one person can join to land and support others in the growth and achievement of a task or duty, and it is the performing of leading others. Leadership style is the method and attempt of providing way apply plans, and attractive individuals. The three most important styles of leadership are ascendant, pop and laissez faire.AutocraticThis style is used when leaders tell their employees what they trust completed and how they want it performed, without attainment the recommendation of their groups see definition of the autocratic style in (Appendix 5). Autocratic style used in mass where control and management is needed, regularly where there is downhearted edge f or mistake. The advantages of this style are that it make less employees stress owing to increased control because manager have all responsibility for a project. The autocratic manager improves employees working speed and makes them less likely to lose and helps to make immediate finale. The autocratic leadership style is useful in the following work situations See (Appendix 6)DemocraticThe democratic leadership style means facilitating the conversation, encouraging people to share their ideas, and then synthesising all the operable information into the lift out possible decision. (Mullins. L, 2005)This style engages the leader include employees in the decision fashioning work on to decide what to do and how to do it. However, the leader maintains the final decision making power. This leadership style supports the giving out of responsibility and put representation into practice. In this style manager is in charge with all main issues and decisions welcomes feedback on the re sults of plans and the workplace control. The advantages of this leadership style are that it brings positivism in work environment it make successful the plans which mean that the process of conversation and feedback reasonably results in the improved of decision making and much effectual operations it brings creativity thoughts and decrease employee income.Laissez-faireIs a style where the manager observes that members of the group are working well on their own (Mullins. L, 2005). In this style, the manager allows the employees to make the decisions and manager is not interfere but they still in charge for the decisions that are made. This is used when employees are heart-to-heart to investigate the situation and decide what needs to be done and how to do it. In this style no one can guilt each other if the things go wrong, but this is a style to be use when associates are completely belief and confidence in the individuals below them.For example A management style is taken as a entire method of leadership used by the manager. The Coca Cola Company use these following management styles, but each one in different departments. There are three most important types of management styles used in Coca Cola. See (Appendix 7). On other moot Autocratic is leadership style that British Airways adopts.See (Appendix 8).Explain how organisational surmise underpins the practice of management.Organisational surmise and management possibleness is applied in several(prenominal) facets of a working business. Lots of people try hard to sting to the theory because it helps them to become successful and get out at their jobs. focussing is a very important function in all organisations. It is attaining things complete through and with other individuals to attain needed goals by in force(p)ly using available resources. There are five major strands of thoughtsscientific managementScientific management became popular in the early 1900s and it was introduced by Frederick w . Taylor (Meese. 2012). The scientific method works as an objective and focuses on new ways of doing jobs. charge science attempts to apply this same set about in dealing with problems that arise within business operations. Its use as a problem declaration betterment finds applications in areas such as decision-making, design processes and strategic planning and problem could be get rid of by developing a science of management.Classical administration (Bureaucracy)Classical management theory was introduced by Max Weber (Meese, 2012). The term is used to explain the scientific management and general administrative theorists. Organisations use this management to deal with issues in management, including effects, top value, charges decrease and to manage employee relationships. This approach used by many small business holders to growth and improve their organisation and to attain something. One of the benefits of this approach is an understandable organisational hierarchy with divi de management stages, where each management group has its individual aim and responsibilities. The top management is generally the directors or the hirer executives. The Middle management direct is the supervisors. At the bottom stage are the supervisors who handle each days performances. The other half of authorized theory is bureaucratism and is generally found in big organisation. The importance of bureaucracy means that it is often studied separately from classical management, which the information are taken from practical experience.Human relations approachThe human relation approach was introduced by Elton Mayo (Meese. S, 2012).This approach takes nearly the contradictory turn on management. They make sure that the location they work in is full secure and safe and to make sure that the employees are did not have their physical or mental health support as a consequence of their working environment. Organisations are use this approach to getting better the self-confidence of t heir employees and this would include a huge stage of support and vindication for the work that they are doing.Systems approachThe system approach to organisation was take at the Tavistock Institute of Human Relation in the 1950 (Meese. M, 2012) It is a set of linked parts performing together to achieve some aim and goal which be in the environment. The systems approach is an idea which shows a company as a unified useful system that includes of some business sections. It is an approach which lets the management to see the company as a stick part. Such a system may allow the management to successfully decide the long-term objectives of the organisation.Contingency approachHandy (1987) suggested a contingence approach to leadership (BPP Learning Media, 2010). The contingency approach distinguish that organisational systems are related with their environment and that different environments require different organisational relationships for effective performance of the organisatio n.Evaluate the different approaches to management used by different organisations. precaution theories are very important because it is contribute to make all employees more creative in organisation. The aims are to increase efficiency and to getting a group of persons to attain a specific aim. There are many benefits of management theories and one of the benefits is that it helps managers and employees to locate how to manage and deal with matters that may populate in the organisation. With management theories organisations can balance every days task. However, management theory is not just about to train managers how motivate employees to be more creative, it also shows managers how to be good leader. For example Coca Cola Company and Tesco use management theories to make their employees more creativeCoca Cola use scientific management and in each work they have its own requirement and appoint each character on the base of work explanation. They chose the greatest way to achieve the job and they bump work equally among the management and the top management give confidence their employees and help them to improve organisation. In other hand Tesco use scientific management to bring up to date their employees knowledge to maintain gainful ability and make them revolve in working areas. Tesco offer instruct to employees that will give them the chance to obtain on another stage, also it give managers and employees the experience to their work and opportunity to growth their careers.Coca Cola Company use classical approach to tell their employees how to do their job in a way that obtains the job done. They use this approach to deal with the problems that arise in their company and to find well way for their organisation implementing and management. Also it recommends the growth of measured methods for performing the jobs and the individuals are train to work faster and better. Tesco also use classical management because this theory sees Tescos structure and p laces importance on development of their work and the principals of their management and employees behaviour. Also they use to understand how the methods of working the organisation use and consequently how to improve them.The human relation approach takes almost the opposite roll on Coca Cola management because this method considers more on the employees themselves and their needs and wants. It is theory that if the Coca Cola management is to find the most excellent and most comfortable way for the employees to work, this will help them with a great level of working behaviour, ethic and efficiency. Tesco has a human relations approach to business. This approach is quite unofficial and Tesco knows the significance of keeping their staffs happy.Administrative management Coca Cola and Tescos managers have power to take decisions. All the employees in both organisations are well-organised. All the departments of both organisations help with each other for the profit of the organisati on.Coca-Cola use system approach and the systems aims are to help from inside the organisation, to increase employees attitude for the future, to make managers accountable for growth attempt, and to make employees eventually in charge for their improvement. Same as Coca Cola, Tesco use this approach to create a well-organised organisation. Tesco create the system to be identified by the employees in order for them to hold their works and improved.Contingency theory is very important in Coca Cola Company because it contributes them to the achievement of organisational objective in different type of circumstances. It can also help close relationships between their employees and leaders grow more simply. The theory let their leaders to identify the particular works they are responsible. Tesco also suggest using this approach because it states that their structure has important authority on the organisational performance and it highlights their structure and help them to the attainment of their organisation aim and goal.ConclusionAfter studying and a analysing the results of this report show that there are a number of different organisational structures each with their benefits. The most suitable structure will depend on the size and type of business. Flat structures work best for small businesses or those with a small number of job roles and a business with a flat organisational structure require to make sure that each managers space of control does not become too broad so that they cannot manage their direct reports efficiently. Culture within an organisation is very important, playing a great role in whether or not the organisation is a happy and healthy place to work. Leadership style is belonging up the roll of the specific system that is a ready to follow. The achievements are belongs up on leaders procedure and purpose to attain the aim. Leader has long term or short term plan to attain the goals. Management is about getting things done. Organisational man agers should require the skills to inspire and control others. Depending upon the situations, leaders will use different leadership styles. Management theory is applied in several facets of a working business and it is a very important function in all organisations. It supports to complete through and achieve goals successfully. There are five major strands of thoughts such as scientific management, classical administration, human relations approach, systems approach and contingency approach.RecommendationThis recommendation allowing British Airways and Coca Cola to develop and distribute their departmental chain of command to everyone so that the managers and their responsibilities are clearly understood by everyone. Communication is one of the most powerful tools an organisation has to work with, and communication regarding the structure of both organisations can help them to reduce confusion and make more efficient the process. In order to address the leadership on organisation i n specific, and in developing or emerging organisation in wide-ranging, it is hereto recommended that the leadership should constantly be seen as a belief and be responsible for their supervision. Therefore, British Airways use autocratic, it can be recommended to use democratic and Laissez-faire leadership styles as well. Tesco and Southwest Airline are doing will on their organisational behaviour so there no recommendation for them to change or improve any things.