Suicide and the Harm Principle

The Right to Suicide and Harm Suicide under circumstances of organic sustaining is the cleanly right accomplish as opposed to the alternative, living(a) in wound. J. S. torpedos Utilitarian ideals provide pie-eyed contrastation to support felo-de-se in instances of severe infliction, while Kants incorrupt theory of the savourless exigent provides reasoning against taking ones own purport. torpedos principle of utility is the maximization of amusement and the reduction of throe. mill around regards felicity as the greatest right(a) in intent and all in all movements should be performed as long as they suck in the tendency to produce joyousness. plodding also introduces the Harm Principle. The Harm Principle is use to determine whether coercion is justifiable based on the impact of soul doings. Stated, the Harm Principle is the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any(prenominal) member of a civilized community, against his will , is to hold open harm to others. His own good, any physical or virtuous, is non a sufficient warrant (On Liberty, I, 9). mess about believe that single(a)s have the right to impropriety in order to produce pleasure for themselves, yet the right to impropriety must(prenominal)(prenominal) be controlled to put up equal exercise of this right by all several(prenominal)s.To understand the application of Mills principles, harm must be defined. Harm is damage to other someone(a) against their will. Mill introduces 2 types of harm treat and validating. Direct harm is when an respective(prenominal) performs an action that at one time harms another(prenominal) soul, such as murder. Indirect harm is when the individual performs an action that finds damage to others finished and through performing an action on ones ego. (On Liberty, I, 11) The distinction between confirming and direct harm determines whether the individual who performed the action resulting in the h arm is morally responsible for the harm inflicted.Mill offers little towards the comment of harm and the distinction between direct and corroboratory harm. He writes Whenever, in short, there is a definite damage, or a definite pretend of damage, either to an individual or to the public, the case is taken out of the state of reckon of autonomy, and placed in that of theology or right (On Liberty, IV, 10) Mill states that when individual actions pose a risk of definite damage, the individual is responsible to golf-club for those actions.Therefore, definite harm is direct harm to others and all other harms ar either (1) indirect harm to others or (2) direct harm to oneself and ugly of legal or moral sanctions. However, the word definite is vague, leaving the definitions of indirect and direct harm unclear. To determine business and appropriate sanctions to punish and deter, Mill employs a central idea of his theory personal autonomy. Personal autonomy is an individuals abi lity to pursue their own good in their own trend, one of Mills four despotic rights (On Liberty, I, 14).Each individual has the infinite right to exercise this autonomy, unless their actions impact the autonomy of another person. In cases where autonomous actions result in direct harm to others, either the government is confirm in imposing legal sanctions such as jail time, or night club is justified in imposing moral sanctions, such as shaming. Therefore, to determine whether direct harm was committed, one looks at whether one individual pay offd the abridgment of another individuals absolute rights. Exegesis In this section, a case will be demoed to prompt word of honor about the morally validity of suicide.Mills reasoning will involve a utility advisement and an evaluation of direct and indirect harm. imagine the chase case. A young woman named Jane, aged 29, finds out she has the Parkinsons gene. Jane watched her dumbfound die from the disease and does not want to die the way her mother did. When the symptoms begin to set in and worsen, she decides to commit suicide. She knows that she can bang many more years with the disease but she knows that her quality of spirit will be reduced. Jane believes that her quality of bearing will be so diminished that death is the only option. Is it right for Jane commit suicide?Mill would invoke the Harm Principle. The act of committing suicide would be a self-regarding act. As the harm is today impose on herself, all other consequences of her action be cut intoed indirect as they occur through Janes self-regarding act. Hence, Jane should suffer no moral or legal sanctions for committing suicide. Furthermore, she has evaluated her options and upon deep consideration, decided that the imposition in the ass of living with her condition outweighs the pleasure of living with her condition. A utility calculation can be formalized to further disengage her finis on utilitarian grounds. Utilitarianism) Fo r Jane 1. style to cause pleasure 100 units 2. Tendency to cause pain 50 units For the aggregate of the other people bear on 3. Tendency to cause pleasure 10 units 4. Tendency to cause pain 20 units Hence Pleasure 110 units, Pain 70 units. Perform the action. For Jane, dying(p) would be the ultimate pleasure as it is the end of her deplorable. She views suicide as the mean to her ultimate end comfort. For Jane, the pain of dying is less than the pain of living. After seeing her mother die from Parkinsons disease, she makes the valid decision to not die the same way.She lives that death is the end of her liveness and the pain of leaving her family and friends does impact on this decision. Yet, when compargond to the suffering she will endure as her Parkinsons turn upes, the pleasure derived from these bloods is not enough to compel her to live. For the aggregate of the community, pleasure derived from Jane performing the action of suicide would be the comfort in knowing th at (a) her wishes were respected and (b) her suffering is unbosomd. However, the pain of Janes suicide outweighs the pleasure as the interests of the aggregate are compromised by her death.Upon her death, they mourn her loss and her loss deprives them of their relationship to her, along with other interests that she contributed to solid in living her life. Compared to the value of Janes pleasure and pain, the value of the aggregate of all other impact persons is less. Jane is directly impacted by her action, while all the others are indirectly impacted. Mill gives more consideration to direct actions as they are in the theatre of personal responsibility. Harm suffered outside of Janes sphere of action, or indirect actions, are of lesser value to Jane as she has no moral responsibility for indirect harm.Furthermore, the indirect harm does not violate anyones liberty rights and is therefore of lesser value than the direct harm. Therefore, Jane is justified in placing a lower value on the aggregate pain and pleasure of the community compared to her personal pain and pleasure. Hence, the tendency to cause pleasure outweighs the tendency to cause pain and the action should be performed. When one decides to commit suicide, Mill would reason out that the only person directly affected is the individual.However, Mill writes No person is an entirely isolated being, showing how an individuals actions are never completely self-regarding (On Liberty). There will always be affected parties by your actions. While the family and friends of the individual will mourn the death, they are trouble the loss of a life. The loss of life affects the family and friends by harming the interests that they had in the victor of the individual as a gay life. For example, if the Jane was a mother, her family has a strong interest in maintaining their family structure and growing up with a present mother.While the harm is indirect, it is significant and definite as the family will be a ffected for the rest of their lives. With her death, their interests are compromised. The principal interest of all sensible earth is happiness and interests serve the purpose of maximizing pleasure and reducing pain (Utilitarianism, II, 2). Pleasure is derived from living a good life and interests are what the individual desires to attain happiness. The pursuit of happiness is done through satisfying the individual interests of a person, hence to deny an individual of these interests would be to deny them of their happiness.The definitions of direct and indirect harm appear unsatisfactory in determining the morality of an action however, by evaluating the importance of personal autonomy, a more satisfying conclusion is reached. If interests are the means to the ultimate end of happiness, then the individual who wants to commit suicide is a mean to the ultimate end of her family and friends happiness. If the individual satisfies her own happiness by committing suicide, she is perf orming an action to achieve her ends. Mill writes that the only plea needed for determining the desirability of an action is whether it is desired. Utilitarianism, IV, 3) As the individual desires to die, it is sufficient evidence that the action will provide happiness to the individual. Whether this action affects the interests of others is of minimal concern, as cerebral beings are not intend to serve as means to anothers happiness. Hence, suicide is justified as long as the individual achieves the ultimate end of happiness despite harming the interests of others. The Objection In this section, an remonstration from the perspective of Kant will be presented using the four formulations of his categoric imperative.Immanuel Kant would provide a compelling objection to Mills justification of suicide. Kant offers four formulations of the categorical imperative, proving suicide as an immoral act by the definition that moral actions meet the formulations of the categorical imperativ e. First, the Formula of Universal Law, states I ought never to conduct myself except so that I could also will that my maxim become a public fairness(Groundwork, Ak4401) . The maxim that Jane is acting upon is killing ones self to loose suffering.To will this to become a universal law would be to will that all human suffering can solved through suicide. However, this is a self-defeating maxim as one can not enjoy relief from suffering if one ceases to exist. Second, the Formula of Nature states profess as if the maxim of your action were to become through your will a universal law of constitution (Groundwork, Ak4421). By this formulation of the categorical imperative, the justification for committing suicide would be that she believes that suicide should be a universal law of nature.To say that suicide should be a universal law of nature is again, as mentioned in the above formulation, self-defeating. Also, Jane, as a rational agent, would not will suicide to be a universal law of nature hence, Kant would conclude that she is not justified in committing suicide. Third, the Formula of Humanity states any rational being exists as an end in itself, not moreover as a means to the discretionary use of this or that will, but in all its actions, those order toward itself as well as those directed toward other rational beings, it must at the same time be considered as an end (Groundwork, Ak4428).Simply put, this formulation of the categorical imperative states that all rational beings are considered ends, kinda then just means to anothers ends. Each individual is an end at internality themselves and all rational being must regard other rational beings as ends rather than means. In Janes decision to commit suicide, Kant would say that she is treating her own life as mere means to achieve her end. Kant explicitly writes the one who has suicide in mind will ask himself whether his action could subsist in concert with the idea of earth as an end in itself ( Groundwork, Ak4429).Kant believes that all rational humans are not mere means to ends, but ends within themselves. If one commits suicide, one acts in a way that regards their humanity as a mere means to their happiness, as they believe that happiness is achieved following their death. Kant would entreat that suicide degrades humanity on the whole, treating life as a means to the ultimate end, rather than an end in itself (Groundwork, Ak442964). Fourth, the Formula of familiarity states Not to choose otherwise than so that the maxims of ones excerpt are at the same time comprehended with it in the same volition as universal law (Groundwork, Ak4441).This formulation of the categorical imperative says that by ingenuous will, rational agents dictate laws and by the same free will, rational agents subject themselves to the laws they dictate. Through this formulation, Kant demonstrates the absolute value of reason in rational beings. Through reason, rational beings create the laws th rough which they live moral lives. Suicide, even in the case of suffering, would not be a law that a rational agent would universally impose upon society for if it were imposed on society, humanity would be degraded.Kant would also argue that Jane has the perfect work to preserve her life that this maxim would violate. Her duty relies on the respect for humanity and human life as ends, rather than means. Her violation of the duty through suicide shows a lack of respect for human reason as she is readily able to dispose of her own. Hence, Kant would conclude that the maxim of suicide to relieve suffering is not a valid maxim as it fails to satisfy this formula. Therefore, Kant would argue that suicide to relieve suffering does not satisfy the categorical imperative and is morally wrong.The Rejoinder In this section, Mills reaction to Kants objection is presented. By recalling the concept of autonomy, Mill refutes Kants objection to suicide. In response to Kants fills that suicide v iolates the four formulations, Mill would argue that based on the supreme principle of personal autonomy, Kants claims are false. While the maxim of killing ones self to relieve suffering is not one that can be universally applied, the order of suffering is important in considering Janes decision.It is far too giving to say that lack of respect for one individuals life will lead to the erosion of respect for all human life (Edwards). Situations of suicide must be evaluated on an individual basis, not on the premise of respect for the entire human race. Realistically, it is unlikely that Janes suicide will lead to justification of suicide. Occurring every 13. 7 minutes in the US, suicide is a major cause of death but society still functions with relative stability and order (American Foundation for Suicide Prevention). stray cases do not determine the general state of the world.By failing to consider the consequences of actions for individuals Kants reasoning falls short by only tipple large-scale conclusions of the impact of motivations on humanity as a whole. The claim that Jane is treating her humanity as mere means to her end is false. Jane has lived her life as she has desired, deriving pleasure throughout the journey. As she nears the end, her pleasure begins to diminish and is batter by the pain of her disease. Wanting to die before experiencing overwhelming pain is not a disregard for her life, instead, it is the preservation of the memory of a good life well lived.By wanting to die before her disease debilitates her, she maximizes the pleasures of life by avoiding pain. Furthermore, suicide does not represent a disregard for human rationality. Janes suicide is a triumph of human rationality. Because of reason, she is able to justify her decision to commit suicide by using the observation of her mothers death as well as the medical facts that allow her to (1) know that she possess the gene that will give her the disease and (2) own the symptoms of Parkinsons while determining how far the disease can progress without compromising her happiness.Analysis This section will offer an analysis of the arguments of both Kant and Mill in their ability to determine the morality of suicide. While it is important to recognize that Kants categorical imperative provides good reasoning promoting the preservation of life, the argument falls short in understanding the degree of personal suffering and the toll this suffering takes on an individual. The categorical imperative focuses on motives rat actions, but with an action such as suicide, where the end result is death, motives matter less than consequences.However, if the maxim under which Jane operates was stated as Act in a way that promotes happiness and reduces pain, both Kant and Mill may be satisfied. By this maxim, all the formulas stated above are valid and Mills principle of utility is satisfied. Autonomy lies at the heart of this dilemma and Mills response to Kants objections su cceed in demonstrating that. Jane has valid reasons to commit suicide and because she is a rational agent, her reason must be respected.The utility calculation, as well as the concepts of direct and indirect harm, serve as valuable tools in drawing the conclusion that suicide is the morally correct action given Janes state of affairs. whole caboodle Cited Kant. Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals . (1785). Mill, J. S. On Liberty. (1859). Mill, J. S. Utilitarianism. (1861). Prevention, American Foundation for Suicide. Facts and Figures. 2012. 2012 .