The s Theory Of Knowledge - 1664 Words

As human beings, we have the natural propensity to acquire knowledge from our evolving environment, through different ways of knowing such as perception, reason, emotion and language. Knowledge can be defined as information acquired from experience or education or the awareness of a situation. Thus, denoting experience, education and awareness as the roots of knowledge. Consequently, if a knower is not able to experience an event or be educated, the concept of knowledge may cease to exist. Therefore, in order for a knower to experience an event, they must acknowledge their individual perspective of the event, to ascertain the extent in which the knowledge presented to them is beneficial or irrelevant. To address the titular statement, one must acknowledge what is meant by the ‘Knower’s perspective’. The knower’s perspective can be defined as a series of events enforced on an individual that causes them to â€Å"perceive† animate, inanimate objects an d knowledge claims with a certain unique viewpoint. Thus, this essay aims to explore the knowledge question: ‘To what extent is the knower’s (individuals) perspective important in acquiring knowledge’? The knower’s perspective can be manipulated by numerous factors such as indigenous knowledge, shaping their perspective to a more shared viewpoint. This is significant as it highlights how the knower’s perspective could be considered convoluted, due to the factors that make it a universal perspective, therefore, making the knower’sShow MoreRelatedPlato s Theory Of Knowledge833 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophers have conventionally defined knowledge as a belief that is both true and justified. Plato first introduces this concept of knowledge in Thaeaetetus where he presents knowledge, to be justified true belief. This definition sufficed until, Edmund Gettier, an American philosopher, pointed out that the conditions could be fulfilled inadvert ently, in ways that did not amount to what Plato intuitively regarded to as knowledge. The goal of the Gettier problem is to showcase that one can haveRead MorePlato s Theory Of Knowledge830 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophers conventionally defined knowledge as a belief that is both true and justified. Plato first introduces this concept of knowledge in Thaeaetetus where he presents knowledge, to be justified true belief. This definition sufficed until, Edmund Gettier, an American philosopher, pointed out that the conditions could be fulfilled inadvertently, in ways that did not amount to what Plato intuitively regarded to as knowledge. The goal of the Gettier problem is to showcase that one can have a beliefRead MoreDescartes s Theory Of Knowledge1834 Words   |  8 Pagesacquire knowledge, there essentially is some rational technique for attaining it, and that the expenditure of the senses, or any other individual capability was not a dependable basis. In his third meditation he says, â€Å"I know that even bodies are not perceived by the senses, or by the faculty of imagination, but by the intellect alone (69). As a rationalist Descartes supposed that this withstood identically for everyone, that all people have rational learned concepts. He assumed that knowledge of externalRead MoreDescartes s Theory Of Knowledge1778 Words   |  8 PagesDescartes’s theory of knowledge is essentially based in skepticism. He argued that in order to understand the world, first a person has to completely suspend their judgements of the world around them. This is the impression that the world makes on their mind. In this way, the physical world is not what leads to knowledge. Instead, the mind finds rationally seeks knowledge. The question is, essentially, â€Å"should we believe beyond the evidence?† (Kessler, 2013, p. 332). In this way, the ideasRead MoreDescartes s Theory Of Knowledge Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pagesimportant knowledge yet subseque ntly discovering to have been mistaken. Therefore he aims to find a method that will render the research absolutely immune from the very possibility of error. The method of doubt is not only an epistemological method, but successfully fulfills the purpose of Descartes by helping to achieve important metaphysical results. One fundamental reason Descartes gives his readers to doubt everyday beliefs about the world, is to build up a system of reliable knowledge. To doRead MoreSocrates s Theory Of Knowledge895 Words   |  4 PagesIn Phaedo, Socrates argued that knowledge is not learned, but recollected. Socrates used the example of sticks and stones, proving that our perception of the stones change. The stones may look equal from one angle, but different from another angle. This proves that we understand Equality, but Equality does not exist in the real world because it cannot be a real object. Socrates stated â€Å"we must then possess knowledge of the Equal before that time we first saw the equal objects and realized that allRead MorePlato s Theory Of Knowledge1413 Words   |  6 PagesPlato’s theory of knowledge claims that knowledge is only achieved in what is eternal and unchanging. True knowledge is distinguished from all else by its unique nature of being perceived by intellection and w ithout hypothesis. Throughout the Republic, Plato attempts to explain through several images of speech and conceptual examples the essence of what is and what is not true knowledge. Plato’s model of education is reflective of his belief that the purpose of education is to point towards knowledgeRead MoreThe s Knowledge Conversion Theory1199 Words   |  5 Pagesemphasize an investment in knowledge creation thrive under such circumstances. Consistent innovation is, therefore, the key to guaranteed profitable ventures in any organization’s future. Business leaders from all around the world adopt different approaches towards knowledge. The Japanese approach for instance emphasizes the significance of making use of tacit knowledge of individual employees for the benefit of the company as a whole. Nonaka’s knowledge conversion theory is largely inspired by theRead MoreSocrates s Theory Of Knowledge1130 Words   |  5 Pageslast philosophical knowledge out of him th at they can get. In this conversation, Socrates tells his interlocutors a lot about life and virtue. During his final conversation, Socrates mentions that knowledge is a process of recollection, knowledge is present in the soul of the body, and that when knowledge is present, it allows us to make choices to ensure that there is right amounts of moderation in our life to lead a virtuous life. Before getting into his account of knowledge, Socrates has to firstRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Knowledge And Logic Essay1382 Words   |  6 Pagesdoctor, were both men of this kind and made it their duty to decipher how the universe works. Both philosophers formed their own epistemology, theory of knowledge, and metaphysics, understanding of reality, to help them identify this sensible realm. While Plato’s epistemology and metaphysics focus on an otherworldly concept, Aristotle’s theory of knowledge and logic instead concentrate more on the physical world than the divine. These two inquisitive philosophers clearly analyze and explain their

Should Latina Breast Cancer Survivors Be Improved Quality...

EBP Will Latina Breast Cancer Survivors Have an Improved Quality of Life if Intervention Includes Bilingual Education? Rae Barbosa College of Western Idaho Summary Very few studies have been completed on the quality of life of post-treatment Latina breast cancer survivors. The purpose of the evidence based practice study was to test whether or not the quality of life for Latina breast cancer survivors was affected by bilingual intervention. The study was composed of two groups. The control group received the usual breast cancer care. The experimental group received the usual care and some additional components including four teaching sessions completed within the first month and regular follow-up calls. Intervention†¦show more content†¦Nursing implications are that further culturally congruent studies should be completed to address the quality of life for Latina breast cancer survivorship. Culturally congruent nursing and core values should be included in health education programs. Intervention programs should be included in the preferred language of the Latina breast cancer survivor. All breast cancer survivors’ supportive needs should be met. (Juarez, Hurria, Uman Ferrell, 2013) Will Latina Breast Cancer Survivors Have an Improved Quality of Life if Intervention Includes Bilingual Education? The following paper is a review of an evidence based practice study written by Gloria Juarez, RN, PhD, Arti Hurria, MD, Gwen Uman, RN, PhD, and Betty Ferrell, PhD, FAAN called, â€Å"Impact of a Bilingual Education Intervention on the Quality of Life of Latina Breast Cancer Survivors† Background â€Å"Improving the QOL of cancer survivors has been identified as a public health priority by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and a number other organizations.† (Juarez, Hurria, Uman Ferrell, 2013) According to Siegel, Naishadham Jemal (2012) for Latina population in the U.S., breast cancer is the primary cause of cancer related deaths. Wu et al. (2012) says that, Latinas that are diagnosed with breast cancer, in comparison to Caucasians, are younger, have a less favorable prognosis, and have a

Social Policy Essay - 1105 Words

Examine the way in which laws and social policies affect family life From the 19th Century onwards the government have introduced different social policies in attempt to shape family life in Britain, to make it better for all family members, rather than only focusing on the traditional patriarchal Nuclear family. In 1963 the equal Pay Act was introduced, meaning that pay based on sex was abolished and men and women became more equal. This social policy created a higher standard of living as both partners would become wage earners, meaning the family was financially better off and could afford to meet all of the family’s basic needs and requirements. Women became more powerful and gained more authority due to this social policy, and†¦show more content†¦However, the New Right thinks that it â€Å"mollycoddles† children and overprotects them, as our society today is â€Å"obsessed with childhood†. The New right argue that children should be disciplined which can be done by putting them into the army through National service. This links in with the idea that the New right think smacking children is ok, as it disciplines them. Mandatory Schooling for children was introduced from 1870 onwards, making it law that children stayed in education until a specific age. In to day’s society children must stay in education until age 18. All political groups agree with compulsory schooling, as it disciplines children at a young age, and educates them to be successful later in life. In today’s society new social policies have been introduced such as the NHS (National Health Service, education and housing. Functionalists argue that the introduction of health, education and housing policies has gradually led to the development of a welfare state that then supports the family, so that the family can perform its functions better with the help of society. The existence of the NHS means that with the help of doctors, nurses, hospitals and medicines the family today is better able to take care of its family members, and enables people to live for longer. The march of progress has a similar view, as they see social policies asShow MoreRelatedEssay on Social Policy2129 Words   |  9 PagesThis essay will use the McPhail family case study. The essay will look at the Functionalism and Feminism theory in relation to the case study family and show the effects of two sociological perspectives and there importance in assisting the social care worker to understand the family. The essay will also look at social policy on how it is developed and he issues of private and public issues. This will include how four sectors of social care will aid the case study family and how these organisationsRead MoreSocial Policy Essay2182 Words   |  9 PagesUnit 7 Social Policy LO1 Understand the significant historical and contemporary landmarks in social welfare provision 1.1 Outline significant historical and contemporary landmarks in social policy. Social policy is the study of social services and the welfare state. In general terms, it looks at the idea of social welfare, and its relationship to politics and society. More specifically, it also considers detailed issues in * policy and administration of social services, includingRead MoreEssay on social policy1190 Words   |  5 PagesLevel 4 HND Diploma In Health and Social Care Student Name Unit 7: Social Policy Assessor name: Christine Pratt Date of Issue Completion date 27/01/2014 07/03/2014 Student No. Submitted on Assignment title Learning Outcome Learning outcome Assessment criteria LO1 Understand the significant historical and contemporary landmarks in social welfare provision 1.1 Understand the origins of social policies 2.1 Analyse the processes involvedRead MoreSocial Policy Essay6100 Words   |  25 Pages1.1 Identify key historical landmarks in social welfare focusing on the period upto 1945. During the period of 1900s to 1945s, there was various significant landmarks which focused on the social welfare of the people in the United Kingdom. The Uk government launched various welfare programmes through the social welfare provision, financial abet or social security which refers to a programme having the main objective is to provide a minimum level of the income to the people who don’t haveRead MoreEssay on Social Policy Development 1431 Words   |  6 Pagesthis time that attachment begins to form and the learning process from caregivers and their environment take place. As with every stage of development, risks factors exist and need to be acknowledged, this way, possible interventions can occur or social programs offered to address how to minimize these factors to give the individual the best opportunity to thrive. Some major risk factors at this stage of development are poverty and child abuse. Poverty is a crisis for the world’s infants andRead MoreWelfare Reform : A New Era Of Social And Economic Inequality1375 Words   |  6 PagesThe introduction and subsequent implementation of the Welfare Reform act in 2012 by the Coalition government, introduced a new era of increased social and economic inequality in the UK. Through the introduction of welfare reforms, the inequality gap in the UK is at its biggest ever. By focusing on reforms in two areas; housing and benefits, this essay will present the ways in which reforms like the introduction of Universal Credit, the Benefit Cap, Housing reform and finally the reduction and devolvementRead MoreThe Implications of Current Child Policy for the Welfare of Children1466 Words   |  6 PagesThe Implications of Current Child Policy for the Welfare of Children Children in the United Kingdom are key consumers of social policy. They consume a vast amount of the many services provided by this Country. Services such as health care through Doctors, hospitals and clinics, the education system which is largely devoted financially to the schooling of young people, and also the social security system which is stretched by children whose parents are in need of income Read MoreEssay Social Policy - Diabetes3211 Words   |  13 PagesSocial Issue – Diabetes Type 2 Examine a contemporary social issue (which may or may not have been covered during the module) paying particular attention as to why this issue has become problematic and for whom. Also, consider what should be done about your chosen issue and any role that nursing/social work might have in dealing with it. A social issue can be defined as ‘social conditions identified by scientific inquiry and values as detrimental to human well-being’ (Manis 1976). I believe thatRead More THE EVOLUTION OF CARIBBEAN SOCIAL POLICY Essay3323 Words   |  14 PagesTHE EVOLUTION OF CARIBBEAN SOCIAL POLICY: Reasons for the Changes and Shifts in the Social Policy Agenda From the 1940’s to the Present Period. Social Policy may be broadly defined as a system of social welfare that includes economic as well as non-economic objectives and involves some measure of progressive redistribution in command over resources1. Using Mishra’s typology of social welfare models (see Fig. 1 below), this paper describes the evolution of social policy in the English-speakingRead MoreSocial Welfare System in Hong Kong1819 Words   |  8 PagesQuestion 1: Identify one type of the social welfare, discuss its services of Hong Kong and a)explain its values, rationales and objectives; b)ways of service delivery; c)discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the service and d)make suggestions to improve the services in future. CSSA—AN INTRODUCTION The comprehensive Social Security Assistance Scheme (CSSA) is surely one of the most influential social welfare in Hong Kong, in terms of money and beneficiary

Military Cadences Essay - 3960 Words

Pop Cultural Elements of Military Cadences HUT, TWO, THREE, FOUR...HUT, TWO, THREE, FOUR... What do a bunch of grunts calling out raunchy marching cadences have to do with pop culture? Theres more to the cadence then just keeping soldiers in step, there is a deep sense of pride, patriotism, unity, motivation, and nostalgia, which can be found within these songs. The Military cadence is used to motivate, inspire, and foster company cohesiveness while keeping soldiers steps in time and hands down the rich oral traditions of the Army, Navy, Marines, and Air force. The cadence is a song sung when marching or running and the songs require a caller, who normally sets the pace and leads the formation. Like robots, the†¦show more content†¦And the same holds true for the other branches with different conceptions about each other. Therefore, a cadence might be made to reflect this branch differentiation, carrying this legacy of prejudice on. However, there is a common understanding and respect for each branches capabilities and how they contribute to a strategic battle plan and the defense of the United States as a member of the military subculture. Follow Me! OH! Soldier! Combat soldier! Pick up your weapon and follow me! I am Mechanized Infantry Hey theyre Airborne! Head-in-the-clouds Airborne! Wrap up your chute and follow me! I am Mechanized Infantry! Hey their Air Assault! Rotor-head Air Assault! Pick up your rope and follow me! I am Mechanized Infantry! Hey their Light Fight! Freeze at night Light Fight! Strap on your boots and follow me! I am Mechanized Infantry! Hey Marine Corps! Bullet-sponge Marine Corps! Pick up your rifle and follow me! I am Mechanized Infantry! Hey theyre Navy! Water logged navy! Jump in your sub and follow me! I am Mechanized Infantry Hey theyre Air Force! Dont shoot! Im friendly- Air Force! Hop in your plane and follow me! I am Mechanized Infantry! Oh Soldier! Combat Soldier! Jump in your track and follow me! I am Mechanized Infantry! Example: They say that in the Army the coffees mighty fine. Who said that? They say that in the Army the coffees mighty fine. It looks like muddyShow MoreRelated Pop Cultural Elements of Military Cadences Essay3833 Words   |  16 PagesPop Cultural Elements of Military Cadences HUT, TWO, THREE, FOUR...HUT, TWO, THREE, FOUR...† What do a bunch of grunts calling out raunchy marching cadences have to do with pop culture? There’s more to the cadence then just keeping soldiers in step, there is a deep sense of pride, patriotism, unity, motivation, and nostalgia, which can be found within these songs. The Military cadence is used to motivate, inspire, and foster company cohesiveness while keeping soldiers steps in time and handsRead MoreSuite E Major ( See Appendix B )1952 Words   |  8 Pagesdescribed as being influenced by European music while maintaining a an American character (Crawford Hamberlin, 2013). When Johnny Comes Marching Home (see Appendix C) Patrick Sarsfield Gilmore was born in Ireland, where he grew up around British military brass bands and learned to play the cornet from retired British Bandmaster, Patrick Keating (Gilmore. 1998). It was in Ireland where Gilmore began to develop his skills as an arranger and composer. In 1849 he immigrated to the United States andRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Army1123 Words   |  5 Pagespossible. One such leader made an indelible impact on me, motivating and inspiring me more than any leader since. 1SG Alveeno Hodge was the epitome of everything I believed a noncommissioned officer (NCO) should be, a font of professionalism and military bearing. His influence has guided me through my career as I matured as a leader and I can only hope to leave such a legacy behind when my time in the Army comes to an end. 1SG Hodge was an extremely physically fit Soldier. He lead the entire companyRead MoreThe At Ft Sill, Oklahoma From Florida921 Words   |  4 Pageslead people to having different life experiences their first day or week on the job. Joining the military for me was a very interesting last minute plan since such though had never crossed my mind. When the time to leave home arrived, I felt like it was all a dream, as if I had lived in a cloud for a few months. There were a lot of thoughts running through my head when as the bus was approaching the military installation I would be calling home for the next few months. The most important thing I rememberRead MoreHow Congress Should Enact A Law Increasing Pay And Closing The Gap Between The Civilian Pay Scale908 Words   |  4 Pagesprotect our freedoms our way of life and our country, regardless of the physical or emotional cost, even with the risk of ones life. Congress should enact a law increasing pay and closing the gap between th e civilian pay scale and the military pay scale. The military pay scale should be increased, closing the gap and offsetting the difference in yearly wage for many reasons, but most of all time spent on the job. Soldiers wish they have a set 9 to 5 it’s around the clock 24 hours 7 days a week youRead MoreThe Soldier s Military Service1799 Words   |  8 Pagesrefer to him as â€Å"the soldier.† Is this paper, I will discuss the soldier’s military service in relation to the Soldier’s Creed, how disability shifted his position as a soldier, how the shift revealed the Army’s practice of ableism, how the soldier’s current use of cyborg has eradicated him from the impairment of diabetes, thus moving him from disability to able-bodiedness, and lastly how cyborg could have salvaged his military career. From a phenomenological view, the soldier’s body as subject theorizedRead MoreSSD2 Module 3 Notes22142 Words   |  89 Pagescrews, and small teams. NCOs take broad guidance from their leaders; identify the necessary tasks, standards, and resources; and then plan, prepare, execute, and assess training. They ensure their Soldiers demonstrate proficiency in their individual military occupational specialty (commonly known as MOS) skill, warrior tasks, and battle drills. NCOs instill in Soldiers discipline, resiliency, the Warrior Ethos, and Army Values. In their assessment, NCOs provide feedback on task proficiency and the qualityRead MoreCourse for Drill Sergeants Essay21796 Words   |  88 Pagesas it is orally described. The instructor simply tells the demonstrator how and what he wants him to do. The demonstrator executes the movement as the instructor describes it. Then the instructor has the demonstrator execute the movement at normal cadence. Step by Step method: Marching movements are taught by using the step-by-step method. The explanation and demonstration are combined. The movements are taught one step at a time using the step-by-step method of instruction. The instructor explainsRead MoreChange Of Command Flyer1036 Words   |  5 Pages Fighting till the battle’s won, And the Army Goes Rolling Along CHORUS: Then it’s hi, hi hey! The Army’s on its way Count off the cadence loud and strong (two, three) For wher-e’re we go, You will always know That the Army Goes Rolling Along OUTGOING COMPANY COMMANDER CPT JEROD J. FARKAS CPT Jerod Farkas is a native of Anaheim, California. He joined the military July 2000 as a Food Service Specialist and was assigned to 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 82nd Airborne DivisionRead MoreCommand Officer At The Head Of Ficer1943 Words   |  8 PagesCommunicate the direction from the adult leadership to the unit and bring up any concerns from the unit to the adult leadership †¢ Work with the adult and cadet leadership to implement changes and improvements †¢ Execute the plan of the month (POM) in a military fashion; Work with LPOs to adjust to any unexpected changes and ensure that the unit is organized and efficient while making corrections to align back with the POM; Provide input and feedback regarding the POM to adult leadership †¢ Provide a system

A gift called “Wife” Free Essays

Somewhere, I remember, to have read about the Orientals’ concept of an ideal wife: â€Å"A real wife is like a minister for the personal affairs of her husband, a friend in executing his tasks, in affectionate dealings she is like his mother and in his bed she is like a courtesan. Such a wife is auspicious† (Garuda Purana, 1.64. We will write a custom essay sample on A gift called â€Å"Wife† or any similar topic only for you Order Now 6). Is there a word in English that adequately describes – such a paragon of virtues in the form of a beautiful, female, human-being, playing the role of a wife? If there is one, then few women indeed, would qualify to be described thus. Blessed indeed is the man, who is bestowed with such a woman, capable of enriching his entire life, filling it hope, happiness and healthy attitude. Personally, I must say, that I, am one of those lucky husbands who has been graced thus.   My wife is my savior, guide and friend; she is my albatross, averting the turbulent disasters that threaten to drown me in the ocean of my troubles, and guiding me to the shores of safety; very much like the woman praised by the Orientals. Ever since I met her, I have been drawn to her like a magnet. A young, beautiful woman, with a gorgeous body, lovely soft eyes and sensual lips, that make heads turn round instantly. Eligible suitors sought her, as do butterflies circle an attractive flower. Her eyes shone like stars, and her heart was filled with dreams – dreams of making it big, in the Hollywood. She has a sweet demeanor that hides the tensile nature of the resolute strength of her character and, little did I realize this invaluable asset at the time of our marriage. Nevertheless, I felt elated when she reciprocated my love and we walked down the Alter, as man and wife. But, I was to discover that, more than beauty, there were other things that contributed to her attractive personality. The adept professionalism in her single-handed management and smooth execution of our wedding plans to the last detail, unfolded a new aspect of her strength, to me. Our wedding day also revealed to me, the adamant streak in her. I remember, when all was ready and, I was about to enter the premises, she bid me on her mobile-phone, to fetch a particular candle she wanted lit on this special occasion. Unable to refuse the plea in her voice, I turned and started back. I remember, it was a chill, winter day, and a gust of cold wind pierced my face sharply, while searching for her car and groping with the keys. Sweat broke out on my forehead and my breath became heavy, as it was getting late, and I still couldn’t find candle in the place where she had supposed it to be; neither my words of counsel nor the advice of her bridesmaids (which got carried through on the mobile quite clearly), to proceed with the ceremonies without the candle, had little effect on her. It rather made her more stubborn, to have the candle fetched and lit, and she pined that none of us understood the deep significance of her actions. Whew! How I heaved a sigh of relief, when I finally found it. Thankfully, I dabbed away the sweat on my forehead with my handkerchief, and straightened my jacket, now that all was well. Later, I took ill and was down in bed requiring extra attention and care. There she was, by my side, with a soothing smile on her lips and a warm grasp on my wrist, feeling my pulse, monitoring my temperature, administering the drugs advised by the doctor, reassuring me all the time with kind words, that all shall be well. My heart was touched and eyes filled with unshed tears, when she made it to the doctor’s appointment, traveling across half the city – through peak traffic, despite her heavy schedule, to apprise the doctor regarding the status of my health and explore the options of my speedy recovery. The very same adamant streak came to the fore here in albeit in a very agreeable manner; with tenacity she clutched on to hope, never giving up, and adamantly pushed away pessimistic thoughts. Her son depends on this unique trait of hers, to prop him up during the defeating bouts of his mental-illness, and to keep him going. However, we her close kin and kith are not the only recipients of her kindness. She is surely a tower of strength, to many a friend and I personally know of few instances in which she has pulled some friends back from the brink of ruin. Now, am I not right in feeling that I have been graciously granted a rare and â€Å"auspicious† present in the form of a tenacious life-partner? Bibliography Garuda Purana, 1.64.6 –   Tr. J.L. Shastri/A board of scholars, Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology 12-14, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi 1982. (extracts with notes in [] by JanM, 1997). Retrieved on 24th May, 2006, from website address: http://www.veda.harekrsna.cz/encyclopedia/garuda-purana.htm                      How to cite A gift called â€Å"Wife†, Essay examples

Qantas Issues A Challenge To Boeing Airbus -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Qantas Issues A Challenge To Boeing Airbus? Answer: Introducation Ethical consideration may lead to failure or success of a study depending upon the policies applied. Anonymity of the respondents has been maintained to protect their privacy. The data collected will not be used in any other articles or journals. The respondents have participated on their own free will and none of them has been forced to take part in the study. The aim and objectives of the research has not been exaggerated and transparency in data has been maintained. Literary review Cost structure is the segmentation of incurred cost on an organisation. According to Shepherd (2015), cost structure is the cumulating cost of both fixed and variable cost the company incurs in their operational process. Miln et al (2014) on the other hand proposed similar definition of cost structure and stated that it as a method of determining the generated cost in any type of organisation. The author further states that the structure is likely to vary over industries due to the nature of the organization. For example, cost structure of a manufacturing company will surely vary from the one in the service industry. However, the incurred cost can be divided under two broad types that are fixed cost and variable cost. Larson and Gray (2013) identified fixed costs as the costs that are unlikely to change frequently, whereas, the variable costs falls under the cost that frequently changes. Airline Cost Structure As discussed, cost structures significantly various over industries. The cost structure of airlines industry as identified by Button (2017) can be divided into direct operating cost, indirect operating cost and overhead cost. Direct operating costs are directly assigned to the operations of the airplanes and comfort of the passengers. Some of the direct operating cost incurred by the airline companies is fuel, maintenance, aircraft etc. Indirect operating charges as categorised by Osadchy and Akhmetshin (2015) are parking charges, crew and cabin salary etc. Sales and marketing expenses, accounting expenses, personnel related expenses on the other hand are categories under overhead cost by the authors. Impact of Direct Operating Cost As argued by Ferguson et al (2013), direct operating costs are the primary determinants of the cost structure in an airlines company and has significant influence on the pricing of the services provided. Modification of this cost structure incurred by the organisation significantly modifies the pricing of the products. The major players in the airplane related direct operating cost as identified by Ryerson and Hansen (2013) are the fuel price and aircraft price. A number of factors associated with costing further influences these operating costs. The primary influential factor as stated by Morrell (2013) in the currency exchange rate, that significantly modifies the incurred import rate of the products. Impact of fuel cost on cost structure Ryerson and Hansen (2013) in their research on Jet aircrafts identified that the inclined price of the fuel had devastating effect on the operating cost of the airline. The authors categorised the fuel price as the under the variable cost within the cost structure. This led the company to modify the cost model. They further related the fuel cost with the aircraft age as the incurred fuel cost is related to the condition and age of the aircraft. They further developed two cost models for identification of the efficiency of each model as low cost structure. Lim and Hong (2014) on the other hand identified the efficiency of fuel hedging on controlling low cost structure. The authors opined that The large fuel consuming companies can significantly reduce their operation cost by introducing fuel hedging model for minimising their incurred costs. Impact of Aircraft cost on cost structure Airline companies falls under the service industry, which only provides services to the customers instead of manufacturing anything. Hence, the products utilised in the process are imported from the manufacturers. The primary product that they import are the aircrafts itself, costing of which falls under the operating cost structure of the company. However, acquisition of appropriate aircraft is necessary for the airline company in formulating their cost structure and generating revenue. Hu and Zhang (2015) argued that it is possible that the revenue generated form an aircraft is lesser than the investment with requires the company to shutdown that particular aircraft. Impact of currency exchange rate on airline cost structure Morrell (2013) in his book pointed out the impact of the currency exchange rate on the airlines cost structure and profitability. Domestic airlines in this case are likely to be less effected due to the currency movement. Zeller and Metzger (2013) in their work successfully explained the impact of exchange rate on the international airlines companies on the profitability. This has been a critical issue for the international airlines companies and an important parameter for the airline operational cost. Company formulating pricing based on a particular currency faces competitive challenge in the market due to the exchange rate and accidentally might position themselves in a disadvantageous position due to the exchange rate. Customers might enjoy a greater benefits form a different airlines in the scenario. Furthermore, as stated by Delbari et al (2016) fluctuation in the currency rate is the greatest threat to the airline companies. This might significantly reduce the profit margin in of the company. Delta Airlines faced similar issue in their operations in Pacific market during the fourth quarter of 2014, when value of the Japanese yen drastically fell increasingly against the US dollar. This reduced the Deltas revenue by US$31 million (Sergio Mendoza, 2018). Exchange rate has similar impact on the other section of the operating cost. The primary sections that can be identified are aircraft import and fuel price. Modification in the exchange rate significantly modifies the fuel rate (Lim and Hong, 2014). This fluctuation in the costing destabilise the cost structure of the company. Fuel price is occasionally modified due to the exchange rate of currency. This demands the company to put the fuel cost under the flexible costing of the cost structure. Exchange rate has similar impact on the aircraft pricing. Lim and Hong (2014) relates the issue to the import and export of the aircrafts as the airline companies has to buy aircraft from the limited number of manufacturers around the world. Fluctuation of the exchange rate modifies the cost incurred by the company on the purchase, hence, affecting the operational cost of the company. Literature Gap The existing literature identifies the issues separately and fails to identify the relationships between the phenomenons. However, these interrelated issues are faced by the airline organisations. Gap into the literature provides opportunity for connecting the issues and identify how these elements influence each other, ultimately modifying the cost structure of the organisations. Objective of the research To identify the risk factors associated with fluctuations in exchange rates To identify the current strategies used by Qantas to mitigate risk factors associated with fluctuations in exchange rates To identify the impact of imported aircraft prices on cost structure of Qantas To identify the impact of currency exchange rate on imported fuel prices of Qantas To identify the impact of currency exchange rate has impact on cost structure of Qantas To identify the impact of fuel prices on the cost structure of Qantas To recommend suitable strategies for reducing the cost structure of Qantas Research Design The unidentified facts in a study are systematically revealed in research methodology. The approaches, designs and methods used during the overall study is described using research methodology. The research methodology will provide justification for choosing each of the methods. The variation of research methodology will be based on the nature of research, research purpose and general classification. Various criteria will determine whether the study is quantitative or qualitative, applied or fundamental, analytical or descriptive, exploratory or conclusive (Best and Kahn, 2016). This study belongs to the category of an applied research where a current research problem faced by Qantas. The managers in their organizational business model can implement the findings of the study. The identification of methods for data collection and analysis can be executed by research philosophy. Research philosophy increases the awareness of the assumptions and beliefs of the study. However, selection of the appropriate research methodology will depend on the practical implication. Positivism, interpretivism, realism and pragmatism are the different research philosophies used in the study (Bryman and Bell, 2015). Interpretivism consists of human element where reality is accessed using social construction. Phenomenology, constructivism and hermeneutics are combined in interpretivism. The view accepted in research is subjectivism, which consists of data collection from secondary sources such as blogs, articles, and peer reviewed journals. Naturalistic approach is used for conducting survey and questionnaires. Human mind is not dependent on reality where scientific approach is used for forming the main assumptions in realism. Realism will consist of both critical and direct re alism, where critical realism rejects human experiences and direct realism accepts human senses (Creswell and Poth, 2017). Positivism is used to identify the hidden facts and truths through observations. In positivism philosophy, the researchers are limited through collection and interpretation of data. Statistical analysis will be used for data analysis as observations are quantifiable in research. When actions support the concept then pragmatism will accept the dogmas as legit. There are multiple realities and various ways of interpreting data. In order to move to a different position on the range, the philosophical assumptions are modified. This is effective generally for dogmas that are mutually exclusive such as positivism and interpretivism. In this study positivism is the research philosophy selected as it will improve the scope of observation by allowing testing of formulated hypotheses. Deductive approach, abductive approach and inductive approach are the three different types of approaches in research (Flick, 2015). In deductive approach, the existing theories in the literature review are validated by testing the hypotheses formulated. Inductive approach is used for generation of new theories and generalizations in the study. Thus, deductive approach facilitates in quantitative measuring and analysis of data. Inductive approach is conducted in scarce resources and risk is high due to formulation of new theories. Abductive approach introduces facts that are surprising and the entire process will focus on examining and explaining he validity of these facts. This research consists of four hypotheses, which will be validate by using deductive approach. Thus, the deductive approach will improve the observational scope in the study. There are two types of research design in the study and they are conclusive and explorative research (Kumar, 2014). Exploratory research will not provide relevant conclusion by exploring the research questions. The studies in which the problems are not defined accurately will use explorative research design to gather relevant information. The alternate option to a specific problem will be provided by using explorative study. The research problem in conclusive study will be framed in a structured way and specific conclusion will be reached by using conclusive research design. This present study will use conclusive research for proving the existing theories in the study by testing the hypotheses. This study will consist of primary data collection method for conducting quantitative data analysis (Orkin, 2014). The study consists of single design so quantitative analysis is conducted through surveys and questionnaire. The questionnaire will consist of close-ended question asked to the employees at lower level in Qantas. Quantitative analysis is chosen because as the it takes less amount of time and comparison of findings can be done in easier way. The raw data collected using quantitative analysis will be transformed into meaningful data by using research tools of different types. Mean, mode and median will be calculated in descriptive statistics. Regression analysis is done to identify the degree and nature of relationship between variables in the study. The study will conduct four-regression analysis to link the variables to reach validate conclusion in the study. The selection of sample population form the overall population in the study can be done using sampling. When the sample population is large, the difficulty level of quantitative analysis and comparison becomes complex. Thus, for complexity reduction, the study will use sampling method to select a small sample size, which will represent the overall population. Probabilistic sampling and non-probabilistic sampling are two different types of sampling method used in the academic and business research (Panneerselvam, 2014). Probabilistic sampling consists of different methods such as, cluster sampling stratified sampling, systematic sampling and simple random sampling. Systematic sampling will select the kth variable form the population sample where k is the range. Stratified sampling will divide the population in groups that are non-overlapping and then simple random sampling will be used to select sample population from each of the groups. Simple random sampling will use randomization t o select population randomly. This will provide equal opportunity to the overall population of being selected in the study. Non-probabilistic sampling will include extensive sampling, snowball sampling, quota-sampling convenience sampling, and judgement sampling. This is used when there is a cost constraint in the study and population size is small. This is also used for gather-hidden population where there is scarcity of data. In this study, 250 employees in Qantas will be interviewed using structured close-ended questionnaire and 50 samples will be selected using simple random sampling. Researchers can use methods used in a specific study to gain similar results or different results. When the results are similar then it can said that the reliability of the study is high. Validity is the accuracy and precision of different instrument used in the study (Einstein, 2014). Validity and reliability in a study has to be high for obtaining positive result. References Baur, D. 2014.Explainer: how the Australian dollar affects the results of companies. [online] The Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/explainer-how-the-australian-dollar-affects-the-results-of-companies-72585 [Accessed 19 Jan. 2018]. Best, J.W. and Kahn, J.V., 2016.Research in education. Pearson Education India. Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015.Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Button, K. ed., 2017.Airline deregulation: international experiences(Vol. 1). Routledge. Creswell, J.W. and Poth, C.N., 2017.Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage publications. Delbari, S.A., Ng, S.I., Aziz, Y.A. and Ho, J.A., 2016. An investigation of key competitiveness indicators and drivers of full-service airlines using Delphi and AHP techniques.Journal of Air Transport Management,52, pp.23-34. Einstein, A., 2014. Reliability and Validity.Rethinking Value-Added Models in Education: Critical Perspectives on Tests and Assessment-Based Accountability, p.131. Ferguson, J., Kara, A.Q., Hoffman, K. and Sherry, L., 2013. Estimating domestic US airline cost of delay based on European model.Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies,33, pp.311-323. Flick, U., 2015.Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Hu, Q. and Zhang, A., 2015. Real option analysis of aircraft acquisition: A case study.Journal of Air Transport Management,46, pp.19-29. Kumar, R., 2014.Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners. Sage. Larson, E.W. and Gray, C., 2013.Project Management: The Managerial Process with MS Project. McGraw-Hill. Lim, S.H. and Hong, Y., 2014. Fuel hedging and airline operating costs.Journal of Air Transport Management,36, pp.33-40. Lim, S.H. and Hong, Y., 2014. Fuel hedging and airline operating costs.Journal of Air Transport Management,36, pp.33-40. Miln, M.J., Frendi, F., Gonzlez-Gonzlez, R. and Caja, G., 2014. Cost structure and profitability of Assaf dairy sheep farms in Spain.Journal of dairy science,97(8), pp.5239-5249. Morrell, P.S., 2013.Airline finance. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Morrell, P.S., 2013.Airline finance. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Orkin, K., 2014. Data Collection Methods. InEncyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research(pp. 1430-1432). Springer Netherlands. Osadchy, E.A. and Akhmetshin, E.M., 2015. Accounting and control of indirect costs of organization as a condition of optimizing its financial and economic activities.International Business Management,9(7), pp.1705-1709. Panneerselvam, R., 2014.Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Qantas.com 2018.Fly with one of the worlds most experienced airlines | Qantas IN. [online] Qantas.com. Available at: https://www.qantas.com/in/en.html [Accessed 19 Jan. 2018]. Ryerson, M.S. and Hansen, M., 2013. Capturing the impact of fuel price on jet aircraft operating costs with Leontief technology and econometric models.Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies,33, pp.282-296. Ryerson, M.S. and Hansen, M., 2013. Capturing the impact of fuel price on jet aircraft operating costs with Leontief technology and econometric models.Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies,33, pp.282-296. Sergio Mendoza, P. 2018.How do fuel and exchange rates affect airline pricing strategies?. [online] airnguru.com. Available at: https://www.airnguru.com/blog/how-do-fuel-and-exchange-ratesaffect-an-airline-pricing-strategy [Accessed 19 Jan. 2018]. Shepherd, R.W., 2015.Theory of cost and production functions. Princeton University Press. Wray, S. 2017.Qantas issues a challenge to Boeing and Airbus. [online] FINN. Available at: https://www.wearefinn.com/topics/posts/qantas-issues-a-challenge-to-boeing-and-airbus/ [Accessed 19 Jan. 2018]. Zeller, T.L. and Metzger, L.M., 2013. Good Bye Traditional Budgeting, Hello Rolling Forecast: Has The Time Come?.American Journal of Business Education (Online),6(3), p.299.

Manage Finance Balancing Budget Control and Flexibility

Questions: 1,How do you think this business could be divided into cost centres? Why might the organisation choose to make these divisions?2.How will budgets contribute to operational efficiency and what types of budget might be appropriate for such an organisation? Why?3.For each of the areas in the hotel, what direct and indirect costs would be applied and why must they be considered when drawing up budgets and developing financial reports?4.What financial reports might be of benefit to this establishment? Why?5.What types of waste might it be necessary to carefully monitor and control and why would this be necessary?6.Who should be responsible for collecting, inputting and recording the data that contributes to budgets and who should be responsible for monitoring budgets to determine how well performance is meeting expectations? Why?7.What types of budget deviation might occur and what should be done if deviations are identified? Answers: 1. As stated in the accounting principles that all the expenses should be recorded in the same accounting period as and when they occurred. For a hotel industry expenses, should be divided into two main categories they are Financial reporting centres: A financial reporting centre is considered as an area where the responsibility of separating any cost related information should be collected. This is further classified into revenue centres and support centres (Bicknell 2014). Revenue centres: Revenue centres consist of cost generated through sale of product and services to guests such as rooms, food and beverage, telephone, garage parking etc. Support centre cost: Support centre cost consists of cost incurred in providing services to revenue centres which in return provide service to guest. This cost consists of administrative and general cost, property operation and maintenance cost, human resource, data processing etc. 2.Operational occupancy consists of several budgetary approach and practices, which is implemented to achieve the fundamental objective of rendering quality service to guest under the most, price effective and appropriate manner. Resource exploitation, manufacture, allocation and inventory management are the most ordinary features of operational efficiency. In hospitality industry operating and capital budget are most often created. Operating budget consist of planned revenues and expenditure. On the other hand, capital budget consists of activities planned to invest in hotel business (Hofstede 2012). Investment which are usually perceived through this financial plan are investments that are related to the daily maintenance of equipment, purchase of inventory or any emergency investment to be made due to failure of providing services to guest etc. Hence, operational budgets are interrelated and are considered as indispensable for successful need of hotel business. 3. In hotel industry, the direct and indirect cost which is applicable are as follows; Direct expenses: The direct expenses consist of those expenses which vary with the level of production are cost of food sold, the higher the number of dishes served leads to larger cost of foods sales is incurred by the hotel (El Haddad,Hallak and Assaker 2015). Indirect expense: Indirect expenses, which are applicable to the hotel industry, are rent, insurance, property taxes, interest expenses, water expense etc. The above stated expenses should be considered in drawing up the budget as because they are clearly related to the occupancy of the hotel and business volume. Such cost have direct relationship with the business volume and they do not change with increase or decrease in sales. 4. The financial reports, which will be beneficial to the establishment, are as follows Group financial statement of comprehensive income Group financial statement of changes in equity Group statement of cash flows Group statement of financial position These statements are necessary as they provide true and fair view of the accounting concepts and reflect the liquidity position of the hotel. Preparation of financial statement would help providing overview of the financial investment and the material used during the operations to generate the desired level of revenues. 5. Type of hotel waste necessary to monitor and control are Waste generated from vegetables Dry waste consisting of plastic bottles, papers, plastic wrappers, HDPE, LLDPE bags, reusable coffee filters, condiments of bulk dispensers etc. Necessity of controlling waste: Controlling waste would help in reducing the impact create from landfilling. Thus, it will help in eliminating paper, plastic and cardboard waste that has negative impact on the environment. Recycling of aluminium tins into new tins would lead to reduction of energy as many discarded materials such as furniture and food also have value (Hofstede 2012). Thus, it is resource effective to make new products by recycling rather starting from scrape. 6. In hotel industry, the general manager is considered as the head executive accountable for the general functions of an establishment together with both the monetary profitability (Francesco and Alford 2016). The ordinary duties of general manager are not only restricted to hiring and managing employees but also includes reporting financial management such as budgeting, revenue management, project management to enforce hotel business objectives. 7. Types of budget variance that might occur in hotel industry are as follows; Variance arising out of inaccurate budgeting caused to due to unpredictable occurrence of events which was beyond the control of business Loss of inventory due to unpredictable event occurring outside the sphere of business control Steps to control budget deviation are There should be a statement of financial resources which should be set aside for executing specific activities by co-ordinating with the activities of the organisation A controlling technique should be implemented where actual results are compared with the budgeted amount, which will help in reflecting any difference made by the responsibility centres. Reference List: Bicknell, K.N., Trane International Inc., 2014.Active Energy Budget Control Management. U.S. Patent Application 14/587,366. Di Francesco, M. and Alford, J., 2016. Balancing budget control and flexibility: the central finance agency as responsive regulator.Public Management Review, pp.1-18. El Haddad, R., 2015. Exploration of revenue management practicescase of an upscale budget hotel chain.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,27(8), pp.1791-1813. El Haddad, R., Hallak, R. and Assaker, G., 2015. Price fairness perceptions and hotel customers behavioral intentions.Journal of Vacation Marketing,21(3), pp.262-276. Hofstede, G.H. ed., 2012.The game of budget control. Routledge. Yan, Q.Y., Shen, H.J. and Kong, H., 2016. Assessing Hotel Cost Control Through Value Engineering: A Case Study on the Budget Hotels in a Middle-sized City in China.Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research,21(5), pp.512-523.