THINKING SKILLS AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

THINKING SKILLS AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT - Essay Example Finally, a conclusion shall synthesize the main points of the paper and demonstrate the continued use and viability of systematic management in post-modern management practices. Taylorism is a method of management which was formulated by Fredrick Winslow Taylor in 1911, as in the title of his monograph The Principles of Scientific Management, which aimed to enhance labor productivity and manufacturing efficiency (Zahir, Themistocleous, & Love, 2003). Taylor's background as an industrial engineer in the USA later earned him the title of the "Father of Scientific Management" (Schroeder, 2003). He analyzed worker's behaviors across industries he was involved in and determined that "One Best Way" could achieve a higher rate of production that was standardized and so cut costs to the company. He also develop a time and motion study wherein he broke down each job in a manufacturing process into its component elements and measured the duration of each component to a hundredth of a minute. This reduced the number of movements or actions that a worker needed to make in order to perform each component of the overall job. Each component could then be standardized acro ss all workers performing that job, reducing "wasted" action and increasing productivity and subsequently company profits.It was also found that the reduction in the number of actions needed to perform a total job would dramatically reduce worker fatigue (Schroeder, 2003). Taylor is noted for his study into the use of shovels, he observed that workers used the same type of shovel for a range of materials. Through systematic evaluation Taylor determined that 211/2 lb was an ideal load for a shovel, and then located or designed a variety of shovels for each type of material that could scoop that amount. Ultimately, Taylor sought to portray industrial management as an academic discipline, so that evidence-based research could be used to make informed decisions about the most effective and efficient way of maintaining a cooperative and innovate workforce that could achieve maximum productivity at minimal costs.In summary, Taylor's theory of scientific management consisted of four distin ct principles: 1. Instead of the "rule-of-thumb" of traditional work methods, tasks should be grounded in the scientific study of each task and its component parts. 2. Use systematic and standard methods to recruit, select, train, evaluate and develop each employee instead of workers continuing to train them in a passive and non-standardized manner. 3. Collaborate with workers so that systematic and standardized methods of completing a task are followed. 4. Delegate work amongst managers and workers in an equal manner to ensure that managers implement scientific management principles when planning work, and to ensure that workers actually follow-through on task procedures. In this way, Taylor approached management of work tasks as a scientific problem. After Taylor, the rapid progress of technological development paved the way for advances in statistical analyses of scientific problems. This progress led to the improvement of Taylor's systematic principles to provide more stringent quality control during the 1920s and 1930s (Miner, 2002). Quality

Articles Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Articles Summary - Essay Example The chapter, however, argues that these traditional distinctions do not properly investigate international migration. Instead, the chapter indicates that international migration should be investigated comprehensively, involving the impact that the migratory patterns have on both the host country and the country the person came from. The chapter then goes on to examine economic theories of migration. The first theory examined is the neoclassical theory. The text argues that neoclassical theory positions migration as occurring because of push and pull factors. Namely, economic conditions push some people out of their regional areas and pull them to different geographical areas. A notable aspect of this theory is that it assumes that people maximize all available opportunities presented to them. One considers that this may be an overly idealistic portrayal of the motivation behind international migration movements. Another theory examined is dual labor market theory. This theory expands some of the neoclassical elements by including the importance of race and gender in motivating migration. The third approach is the new economics of labor migration model. This perspective argues that rather than rooting migration behavior in a single individual, migration must be examined in terms of larger social units; specifica lly, these social units involve families, households, and communities. These varying theories of migration are recognized as significant because they influence a variety of policy decisions that are regarding immigration. Adding to this complexity is the recognition that these varying economic theories may operate at identifying different levels of immigration. This complexity leads the chapter to consider that rather than imagining a singular type of migration, it may be more productive to consider a large array of migrations. As a means

Natural Antioxidant in Anti-Aging Skin Care

Natural Antioxidant in Anti-Aging Skin Care Abstract It has been shown that natural antioxidants are main ingredient of anti-aging skin care products. More and more people pay more attention on appearance of skin condition, and try to slow down the aging process as late as we can, and avoid the fines and wrinkles. In order to achieve this aim, natural oxidants become much important than any other time, it has been widely apply to anti-aging skin care products. Antioxidants are a reducing agent which can remove free radical damage and reduce the damage oxidative. This review lists several popular and practicality antioxidants which already have been used for some large cosmetic company. And then reviews the properties of each antioxidant and analyze the activity of antioxidants. The main aim of the report is to introduce how antioxidants work in anti-aging skin care products and the relationship between antioxidants and the free radicals. Free radicals can attack molecules and result in cell damage, which may consequently cause skin aging. Antioxidants have the ability to neutralize free radicals and prevent such damage. This is the reason why antioxidants are used as a component in anti-aging skin care products. The list of known common antioxidants includes, lycopene, vitamin E, catechol and lithospermum erythrorhizon, to name a few. A large amount of food and herbs such as ginseng, acai berry, Amaranthus and Chenopodium Quinoa are also known for their antioxidant properties. The antioxidants mentioned above are all effective in combating free radicals, but in furture product design, compound antioxidants are often considered in order to achieve greater effectiveness Introduction How skin ages As we age, there are fine lines and wrinkles appear to our face and any other signs of aging. There are two main reasons for this, first reason is called internal aging which cause by genes, and the other reason is called external aging which cause by the sun damage (UVA UVB) and environmental pollution. By knowing why skin age can help to understand how anti-aging skin care apply to skin and analyze the ingredient for skin antioxidants. Skin aging start in mid 20s, the metabolism of skin begins to slow slightly, the dead cells do not replace as fast as before and the production of collagen becomes slower. At this point, the Sun rays (UVA and UVB) are the main reason causing skin aging and skin damage, which they will break sown the collagen and elastin. At the mid 30s, the first fine lines and premature wrinkles appear under the eyes or across the forehead. The skin starts to lose its elasticity and firmness. And sun damage is still the main reason causing the wrinkles, age spots and rough skin. Actually the dermatologists define the word photoaging which describe the particular type of aging caused by the ultraviolet (UV) exposure. The sign of photoaging is usually express fine wrinkles, freckles, spider veins, age spots and blotchiness. At this point, the antioxidant is necessary for the skin to prevent free radicals damage. And anti-aging products start to be needed. At the age of mid 40s and beyond, skin aging and wrinkles are inevitable. Apart from sun damage, there are a number of other elements that may contribute to skin aging. First of all, gravity plays an important role in skin aging and the effect becomes evident at middle-age: eyelids start to drop, tip of the nose show small degrees of falling, earlobe become longer and jowls begin to form [1]. Secondly, facial expressions also forms the fine lines, after years of repetitive facial movements, laugh lines, worry lines, nasolabial folds and crows feet at the corners of the eyes. Also sleeping positions also brings the wrinkle in the skin, which called sleep lines. Last but not least cigarette smoking causing the biochemistry changes inside the body which it will accelerate the aging process. Theory of aging what is a free radical? As previously discussed, aging is an inescapable process for people. Despite its inevitability, however, what we can do is try to find a way to slow down the aging process. Logically, this rationale first leads us to the theory of aging. In 1954, Dr Denham Harmon brought forward the free radical theory of aging (FRTA), claiming the ubiquitous involvement of free radicals in inherent metabolic reaction [2]. The genetics and environmental is the main points for the aging. The FRTA postulates that the common aging process is the initiation of free radical reactions (FRRs). As the body and organs metabolism, a few oxygen molecules were removed and the reactive molecules called the free radicals. When a normal molecule is attacked a free radical, it will become a free radical itself, which is capable of attacking other molecules. This chain reaction, if not stopped, will lead to accumulating damage and ultimately cause cell destruction. Free radicals are also caused by ultraviolet rays (U VA and UVB) in sunlight. When the free radicals move freely, they are destructive and causing the oxidative stress. The oxidative stress leads the premature aging, such as dry skin and wrinkles. Overall, there are several external stress factors, UV radiation, smoke, pollution, urban stress, etc. Dr. Denham Harmon has a clear point that the effect of oxidative stress can be reversed with the antioxidants, and he shows how antioxidants work in laboratory animals. Antioxidants can neutralize the free radicals without become free radicals themselves. By neutralize the free radicals, the cellular damage will be prevented. And the oxidative stress damage can cause biological organisms to age, and the free radicals can also cause damage of collagen in the skin. As we known, collagen is an important structure of the skin. Natural Antioxidants Antioxidant is a molecule that can slow and prevent the oxidation of other molecules, which show that it remove free radical damage from skin and help to slow down aging skin. Therefore antioxidants are considered reducing agents and reduce the damage oxidative process in skin cells. Natural antioxidants are a wider variety selection and much safer and healthier than artificial antioxidants, therefore natural antioxidants will be discussed. There are literally hundreds of brilliant natural antioxidants in the world, but there is no single miracle cure for skin aging. New antioxidants are appearing in the world of skin care every year. Natural antioxidants can decrease inflammation, defend against UVA and UVB, repair DNA damage, restore natural skins surface barrier remedy environmental pollution, release skin stress from hectic urban life, promote collagen generation, and improve skin damage recovery [3]. As previously pointed out, antioxidants stop the process of oxidation by neutralizing free radicals. Antioxidants work against free radicals in two ways. The first one is called chain-breaking, which means when the free radical free or gain an electron, a second pair of free radical is formed. The antioxidants can stop this process by deoxidizing the electron. The other way is prevention, which means that antioxidants can prevent oxidation by neutralizing the initial free radicals [4]. Therefore by apply antioxidants skin care products can efficiently control and prevent the free radicals damage. Many hyper-cosmetic company product lots of products which contain effectively antioxidants to defend the skin, help reduce fine line and wrinkles. Antioxidants also promote the structure of collagen, it is well known that collagen is an important component for skin organ. The following review will list a number of natural antioxidants and analyzed their respective antioxidant abilities. A detailed description was given for each antioxidants presented. Analysis of several natural anti-oxidants Lycopene Lycopene is well known one of the most common and potent antioxidants of the carotenoids. The antioxidant activity of lycopene is basing on its purifying the properties of singlet oxygen and peroxyl radicals, which to define induce oxidative damage to nuclear DNA, scavenge free radicals and block visible and UV-light. The research by Ferreira, A.L.A., Salvadori, D.M.F., Nascimento, M.C.M.O., Rocha, N.S., Correa, C.R., Pereira, E.J., Matsubara, L.S., Matsubara, B.B., Ladeira, M.S.P., Tomato-oleoresin supplement prevents doxorubicin-induced cardiac myocyte oxidative DNA damage in rats [5], which indicate that lycopene reduced the risk of different cancers, heart diseases and further more protect cells from free radical damage. The journal also showed lycopene especially effective in the tissues with high fat and lipid content. Another study by Centre for Food at Virginia Tech [6] present that it significantly deduces the risk of prostate cancer. Therefore, lycopene is apparently effective in the tissues with high fat and lipid content. The skin is a lipid rich organ, so that in theory it means the high power antioxidant activity of lycopene also apply to skin. Another function of lycopene is block the UV-light, although the SPF of lycopene is around 3, which is not enough for outdoor activity expose at the direct sun, but it is good enough for the indoor life, especially for some people do not like to use sunscreen. As we discussed before, one of the main reason causing skin aging is exposure the skin under the sun without any protection. Lycopene, which delivered from tomato, duo to the difficulty of abstract processing and skin care product which contains lycopene is difficult to find. Based on my research, lycopene is a main ingredient for KIEHLS lycopene  Facial  Moisturizing  Lotion  with  Tomatoes,  Beta-Carotene  and  Vitamin  E. According to the product description, it can be moisturizing the skin, reduce the level of damage free radicals on skin, help increase the skin elasticity and protect skin from the UV-light [7]. Vitamin E Several studies demonstrated vitamin Es ability to neutralize lipid peroxidation and unsaturated membrane lipids because of its oxygen scavenging effect [8]. Vitamin E has shown to reduce the aging of skin caused by ultraviolet light radiation (UVA) [9] and prevent cell damage from free radicals. Vitamin E is broadly useful for many occasions, such as sun protection, sun burn treatment, skin diseases treatment, scar treatment, skin cancer, etc. Vitamin E is mainly represented as vegetable oils from sunflower seed, olive, palm, corn, almonds, etc. Vitamin E protects the skin structures from oxidative damage and preventing the radiation of lipid peroxidation, duo to the powerful antioxidant activity, it plays a protective role in many organs [10]. Actually, Vitamin E has been became an essential part of skin care products. It helps reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. And the free radicals of vitamin E were played a role in anti-aging and the antioxidant activity is useful for the skin problem [11]. Based on my research from The Body Shop, Vitamin E is the most important ingredient for The Body Shop Vitamin E Eye Cream. According to the product description, this eye cream protects delicate skin around eye area; reduce the appearance of fine lines; puffiness and dark circles [12]. Green Tea Recently, due to the widely use of polysaccharides and their conjugates in the food industry and in medicine. There are three fractions of water-soluble polysaccharides conjugate purify from low grade green tea, which are TPC-1, TPC-2 and TPC-3, and those are the main bioactive components of green tea. Protein, sugars and uronic acid were found in components of tea polysaccharide. The antioxidant activities were also found in tea polysaccharide. From fig. 1, selected three components of tea polysaccharide conjugates were tested. The ability of scavenge hydroxyl radicals were found in all three polysaccharide fractions. The fig.2 and fig.3 show that the Concentration and the scavenging effects are direct proportion. The results of molecular weight (MW) and molecular size (MN) from tea polysaccharide conjugates showed in fig.6. The molecular weights of TPC-1, TPC-2 and TPC-3 were 268.000, 118.000 and 42.000. The MW/MN value of TPC-1 was close to 1, it is more homogeneous. Natural polysaccharides may not been found directly from plants or animals, but it often comes with protein lipids and nucleic acids. The antioxidant activities of the polysaccharide-protein conjugates are direct proportion to the protein content percentage. The properties and bioactivities of polysaccharides might affected by protein. Studies on the antioxidant activities of different fractions of green tea polysaccharide conjugates have shown that the protein content and molecular weight of the tea polysaccharide conjugates played an important role in antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity can be enhanced by lower molecular weight and higher protein content [15]. Based on my research, green tea extract is the major ingredient for H2O+ Green Tea Reviving Eye Cream. According to the product description, this eye cream is able to promote skin recovery, inhibit environmental free-radical damage and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles [16]. Chinese herbs- lithospermum erythrorhizon A great number of natural antioxidant medicinal plants have been tested for their antioxidant attributes, the results have shown that raw extracts or isolated pure compounds from them were more effective antioxidants [17]. Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. Et Zucc. (LE) has been used a long time as medicine in China and as a dye for staining fabrics and food colorants [18]. It possesses a wide spectrum of wound healing, anti-tumor, anti-fungus, anti-HIV and contraceptive biological activities [19]. The anti-oxidant activity of the compounds from lithospermum erythrorhizon and compare their antioxidant effect through reducing power, tested with a rancimat and radical scavenging activity. There are seven isolated compounds, deoxyshikonin(compound 1), ÃŽÂ ²,ÃŽÂ ²-dimethylacrylshikonin(compound 2), isobutylshikonin(compound 3), shikonin(compound 4), 5, 8-dihydroxy-2-(1-methoxy-4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-1, 4-naphthalenedione(compound 5), ÃŽÂ ²-sitosterol(compound 6) and a mixture of two caffeic acid esters(compound 7). The antioxidant activities were compared and evaluated through Rancimat method. This method detects the increase of electrical conductivity caused by the formation of volatile dicarboxylic acids which occurs during lipid oxidation processes [20]. From fig.7, the isolate compounds from lithospermum erythrorhizon show different effects on oxidation. Reducing the capacity of a compound may serve as a significant indicator of its potential antioxidant activity [22]. Ro determine the reducing power of the compound is isolated from lithospermum erythrorhizon to estimate the anti-oxidant potentials. And also from fig. 6, the test sample was using the potassium ferricyanide reduction method which shows that the antioxidant activities of the compounds was reduced and also reduce the oxidized intermediates of lipid peroxidation processes. The study by Chen, H., Zhang, M., Qu, Z., Xie, B., suggests that the traditional Chinese medicinal herb could be considered as reliable natural antioxidants for food, and also apply for anti-aging skin care products. Ginseng Ginseng is often used in East Asian counties as a traditional drug. There are three types of ginseng in the world, which are Asian ginseng, America ginseng and Siberian ginseng. Asian ginseng known as Panax ginseng, also called red ginseng; America ginseng known as Panax quinquefolius, also called white ginseng; and Siberian ginseng is normally considered a herbal medicine rather than ginseng, because of they do not contains the active ingredient of ginsenosides. The root of ginseng is the source of ginseng extract, which is rich in antioxidants. According to the dermatology researchers from Seoul National University published a study in the Journal of Medicinal Food in 2009 which examined the effect of red ginseng on the facial skin 82 women over 40 years of age. The study presented that red ginseng significantly increased the production of collagen and reduced facial wrinkles [24]. In January 2009, another experiment was performed that in order to determine red ginseng can effectively prevent ultraviolet B on facial skin, loss of elasticity, thickening of the skin and wrinkle formation in the same variety of hairless mice. This experiment also clearly showed that when directly applied to skin, ginseng could improve the collagen production of skin and the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase expression in dermal fibroblasts [25]. Recently, ginseng is widely used for skin problems, too. Ginseng is considered a natural skin care product for toning and helps improve the skin texture by preventing the formation of wrinkles. Duo to the efficiency on the skin, it can be used in skin care creams, lotions, toners, etc [26]. Based on my research, ginseng root extract is one of the most efficiency ingredients for Sisley Emulsion Ecological Compound [27]. This face lotion is a well- known rewarded product by using ginseng. The detail of ingredient was found in Sisley Shoppe from House of Fraser. According the product description, this compound help skin fight environmental stresses, such as pollution, cigarette smoke, UV rays; restore improved tone and reduce the appearance of fine lines [28]. Acai berry Acai berry is a rising antioxidant and the most popular one lately. More and more skin Care Company and health care company choose this antioxidant to produce product line. First of all, acai berry was found from the acai palm tree origin from Brazil. But more acai palm tree was plant in Central America and South America. Acai berry is one of the highest amounts antioxidants of any fruit, which contains at least 33 known antioxidants, it has almost 2 times the antioxidants of blueberries, and also rich in omega 3, 6 9, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, phytosterols and phytonutrients. First of all, the high amount antioxidants which help to prevent the damage to skin caused by UVA and UVB, neutralize damage free radical in order to slow the skin aging process, which is able to smooth face line and wrinkles. The ability to fight free radicals which make acai a potential skin care intergradient, especially use for repairing fine lines and visible wrinkles and skin damage caused by environmental. And then Omega 3, 6 9 can help moisturize skin which is also an important factor to prevent the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Furthermore, they also play an important role in various skin structures. In addition, the phytosterols in acai berries keep skin intact and prevent premature wrinkles. It has also been noted that phytosterols could prevent premature skin cell death [29]. Last but not least, silicon is also an important ingredient of acai, which can help skin improve the content of collagen in the skin. Collagen known as an important component for skin elasticity and strength, the more collagen in the skin, the less fine lines and wrinkles will appear on the skin. Thats also an important factor why acai is much better anti-aging ingredient than others. Based on my research, I found out recently Kiehls supply a new line which called the Acai Damaging-Repairing Collection, which the main integrant is Acai berries. According to the chemists at Kiehls tests found that 88% of women felt a natural tightening effect in their skin and 84% of women said their skin appeared brighter. And the product descript that the collection to repair the effects of visible damage to skins tone, texture and elasticity caused by environmental oxidation, sun exposure and other external skin stressors [30]. Amaranthus and Chenopodium Quinoa Amaranthus is widely grown in Latin America, Africa, and Asia due to the pseudocereals resistance to drought, hot climate, pests, and low demand for cultivation inputs [31]. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), another pseudocereal from the Andean origin, is extensively cultivated at mountain altitudes in Peru and Bolivia [32]. To determine the total phenolices content and the antioxidant properties of those two plant materials, the correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant activities. The research by Nsimba, R.Y., Kikuzaku, H., Konishi, Y., Antioxidant activity if various extracts and fractions of Chenopodium quinoa and Amaranthus spp. Seed give a direction for the search of antioxidant compound into the plant materials. Quinoa and three varieties of Amaranthus seeds are powerful dietary antioxidants. Generally speaking, various extracts and fractions from these plants provided a range of different antioxidants which demonstrated considerable free radical scavenging capabilities. [32]. Based on my research, Amaranthus is an important ingredient found in NUXE Crà ¨me Nirvanesque First Expression Lines Cream. According to the product description, this face crà ¨me can significantly reduce fine lines and wrinkles [33]. Coenzyme Q10 Coenzyme Q10 is known as a fat-soluble natural antioxidant for treat and speed up the process of recovery of a heart patients, obvious duo to the high amount antioxidant. Coenzyme Q10 can effectively defend free radicals and other damage molecule. Therefore, coenzyme Q10 antioxidants can prevent signs of skin aging. As previous discussed, photoaging is caused by sunlight and contribute to the appearance of fines lines and wrinkles. Research conducted by Paul Gerson Unna Research Centre, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany, have demonstrated Coenzyme 10s beneficial effect of preventing photoaging. Through the measurement of weak photon emission, they proved that Coenzyme Q10 could penetrate the viable layers of the epidermis and reduce the level of oxidation . A reduction in wrinkle depth has also been observed following Coenzyme Q10 applications [34]. The Research Centre determined that Coenzyme Q10 had the ability to effectively defend against UVA and mediated oxidative stress in human keratinocytes in terms of thiol depletion, activation of specific phosphotyrosine kinases and prevention of oxidative DNA damage [35]. Furthermore, Coenzyme Q10 also controls the collagenase in human dermal fibroblasts and prevents the UVA irradiation. To sum up, all the results and data indicate that Coenzyme Q10 ca n effective prevent the damage of photoaging. In the following part, Coenzyme Q10 will be analyzed. Coenzyme Q10 has an unpaired electron which is formed with another unpaired electron of free radical, to eliminate the damage of free radicals. Coenzyme Q10 presented as antioxidants and interacted with superoxide dismutase will result in increased protection from free radical damage [36]. Although Coenzyme Q10 is powerful antioxidants and prevents the free radical oxidation, it is not a panacea. Recently the scientists discovery that Coenzyme Q10 can slow down the process of skin aging. After a long time Coenzyme Q10 was used as nutritional supplement, a new ingredient for anti-aging skin care product, in 1998 Paul Gerson Unna of the skin research center has showed that the potential of Coenzyme Q10 was a multiple applications ingredient and confirmed that it could slow down tissue damage by neutralize the free radical damage. The report from Briersdorf Lab for Nivea ( first cosmetic company to well anti-aging skin care products with Coenzyme Q10) , they indicated that after six weeks of daily treatment of Coenzyme Q10 on crows feet, wrinkle depth both reduced by 27%; after ten weeks, fine lines and wrinkles reduced 43%. Based on my research from Boots, Eucerin has a almost all major cosmetic company from Japan have a product line for Coenzyme Q10. Conclusion In conclusion, this review has shown that many natural antioxidants apply to some popular anti-aging skin care products in the market. It was shown that natural antioxidants are effective ingredients for anti-aging skin care products since antioxidants can nullify the damage of free radicals. The neutralization of free radicals can prevent the skin aging process, which proves that skin care product contains antioxidants can actually prevent and slow down the process of skin aging. Several antioxidants and antioxidant plants have been chosen for analysis, namely lycopene, vitamin E, green tea, lithospermum erythrorhizon, ginseng, acai berry, Amaranthus and Chenopodium Quinoa. These antioxidants are highly effectiveaccording to previously established experimental data. Nowadays, Vitamin E has been became an essential part of skin care products. Vitamin E protects the skin structures from oxidative damage and preventing the radiation of lipid peroxidation, it also helps reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. It has great potential in anti-aging and treatment for skin problem with antioxidant activity. In previous studies, it was found that the protein content and molecular weight of tea polysaccharide conjugates are important factors that affects antioxidant activity. Chinese herbs in widely used in East Asain medicine, The anti-oxidant activity of the compounds from lithospermum erythrorhizon and compare their antioxidant effect through reducing power, tested with a rancimat and radical scavenging activity. It showed that the traditional Chinese medicinal herb could be considered as reliable natural antioxidants for food, which also could apply for anti-aging skin care. Ginseng is often used in East Asian counties as a traditional drug, the root of ginseng is the source of ginseng extract, which is rich in antioxidants. A study from Seoul National University showed the red ginseng significantly reduced facial wrinkles, it also considered as a natural skin care products for toning and helps improve the skin texture Acai berry as a antioxidant, it has the highest amounts of antioxidant than any other fruits, it help to prevent the damage to skin caused by UVA and UVB, the Omega 3, 6 9 from acai berry can help moisturize skin which also an important factor to prevent the appearance of fine lines and wrinkle. Finally, the antioxidant properties of aforementioned plants showed that they could have great applications in anti-aging and skin care. With further research, it is highly possible to even better utilize these antioxidant properties in the formulation of more advanced anti-aging products. Self assessment I believe that I have done quite a good work. I have always interested in skin care region and very enjoyed doing research and learning more about the natural antioxidants. I have done a lot research in store or online, so that I have learned some basic intergradient of the skin care products. At the beginning, it is very hard to choose variety natural antioxidant duos to there are too many natural antioxidants in the world. After some research in the store and Shoppe, I picked some ingredient from popular anti-aging products. I am pleased with the structure and the whole report. I listed and analyzed the integrants I chose. Natural antioxidant was a broad subject which can apply in many areas. I finished early so that I could check with my spelling and grammars which I considered this might be my weakness. And I could also proof read and make some more effort during the final week. And my most weaknesses which is there are not a lot journals directly link to the anti-aging skin care area, so that I had to do some research online, which it might not be enough. But it has been draw out that how anti-oxidant applies to anti-aging skin care area.

Ginseng :: Essays Papers

Ginseng Basis of the Asian Science of Consumption The Asian tradition of categorizing food is based on the observation of one’s reaction after consumption. It is rooted in the theory that food provides energy for the body and mind. The proportions and forms of energy vary, some are extremely energizing while others may even weaken the body and mind (3). The Asian word for energy is ch’i, however, its translation extends far beyond the Western understanding. It is basically thought of as the spirit or essential energy existing in all beings and elements of life (water, air, earth, etc). The ch’i of a healthy person is balanced. This notion of balance is the foundation of Asian thinking represented by the symbol of â€Å"yin and yang†. Yin is the equivalent of what is dark, cold, and moist; while yang is associated with light, warm, and dry elements; thus representing balance. The notion of balance exists universally in all elements and is represented or explained by this symbol. Therefore, since o ne’s energy must be balanced in order to stay healthy, and further, since it is food that provides energy, the Asians have created a science of consumption that fuels the mind and body from within. Foods that strengthen the body by increasing or decreasing energy levels according to need are considered pu foods, usually having a tonic and stimulating effect. Foods of this nature are rare and placed at very high prices, but since they are believed to be extremely important in balancing one’s ch’i many are willing to pay the high prices in order to attain them. Anderson points out in his article, Traditional Medical Values of Food, that pu foods are â€Å"famous worldwide as examples of the bizarre things human beings will eat and pay high prices for†. Ginseng is the most highly regarded and most expensive. It has maintained a heavenly context since ancient times. It is crucial to understand the extreme significance that Asians place in food for the purpose of maintaining balance in order to assure one’s health. It is also necessary to understand that attaining this balance represents the most vital concern of life and therefore extreme measure may be taken to achieve it. A Quick Introduction to Ginseng Ginseng is the common name of the two species of the panax family, Araliaceae. Panax is the Asian species and panax quinquefolius is the American cousin (2).

Perception of Depression amongst North American and African Cultures Essay

Depression or â€Å"Unipolar depression is another name for Major Depressive disorder. It is a mood disorder characterized by depressed mood, it often manifests in lack of interest in family, school and social life, changes in eating and sleeping habits, emotional and medical disregard for the self, difficulty in concentrating, and loss of interest in life† (Rush, 2007).   Just like any other pathological disease, it has risk factors, signs and symptoms, and a natural course. Like any other disease it can be treated with proper medical and psychological therapy. Yet it is not perceived as such by the community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is remarkable lack of awareness about depression in the communities, in spite of the staggering statistics about the disorder. Unipolar depression affects 7-18% of the American population at least once before the age of 40 (Kassler, McGonagle & Zhao, 1994). In the United States alone, the number of females are reported to be suffering from clinical depression (Murray, 1997). It has also been observed that 2.5 percent of children and 8.3 percent of adolescents are depressed at any given time. These rates are considerably higher than the figure of the past decades (Depression Statistics Information, Internet). Yet, it has been found that only 20 percent of depressed people undergo medical treatment (Depression Statistics Information). This is caused by numerous reasons with ignorance or lack of concern and awareness about the disorder considered as the biggest suspect.   In fact, a United States surgeon general report   in the Hispanic community states that less than 10 percent of the mentally ill people will ever approach a mental clinic (U.S. Department of Health, 2000). This is possibly the result of lack of concern on their part, or due to the fact that in the Hispanic community’s, non-medical methods of   treatment for the depressed. It is imperative that we find out whether other communities also show a similar of lack of awareness and concern about depression.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social Science & medicine attempts to find cultural differences in the conceptual models of depression by an interviewed with North American immigrants and African Americans (Karasz, 2005) . His study demonstrated that Americans were more of the view that depression was a pathological disease of the body just like any other disease and required medical therapy. According to the author, the people from the African community were more likely to explain depression in terms of a social and moral problems and conformed to the belief that self management was the right way to deal with the issue of depression.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Different communities have different perceptions about the disease, people of certain cultures prefer going to spiritual healers rather than seek medical attention (Nayem, 2005). Some cultures prefer to treat this ailment with alternative therapies to allopathic ones.   Depression, though a serious and debilitating disease, does not command the same attention as other medical disorders like heart disease, Parkinson’s disease, or even obesity. According to Pasacreta (2008) there has been little attention given to depression and its consequences when we compare it with other diseases. For example obesity has been associated with diabetes many times. Even though depression also has a similar association with type II diabetes, not many people are aware of this fact.   Since public concern is lacking in communities, many depressed people fail to come forward, and receive proper treatment. If this trend continues prevalence of depression will continue to rise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though the attitudes of different cultures may vary toward the disease, it does not change the fact that â€Å"depression poses enormous costs for individual, family, and the society† (Nayem F, 2005). Depression is a severe disease with far reaching effects, starting from the patient, who may inflict self harm, leading to a family life, which cannot function in the same way as before (Scott, 2003). There has been research demonstrating depression as a burrden to people, communities, and health services as the treatment is long term and the patient has little or no productivity to society (Nayem, 2005). This research further highlights the need to conduct a survey to assess the perception of depression across various cultures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   People are unaware of the magnitude of the problem and its economic implications. In certain cultures, inability to diagnose the disease or disregard of its seriousness lead to delayed medical opinion and treatment. Through this study, we will try to substantiate the various levels of awareness that different cultures have about the disease. The severity of depression usually gets aggravated if it is not treated promptly after diagnosis. This leads to a greater burden on the country. Scott (2003) echoed this sentiment when he stated â€Å"In the National Health Service the cost of treating depression ( £887 million) exceeds the cost of treating both hypertension ( £439 million) and diabetes ( £300 million). However, here, the direct health care costs are dwarfed by the indirect costs (i.e. days lost from work owing to depression exceed all other disorders and the economic burden on family members and society is considerable).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     North American and African cultures both differ in there perceptions about depression as a disease. Different cultures may feel that depression is a problem but western cultures are more likely to view it as a disease which needs medical therapy just like any other, whereas the people from the non western culture will perceive depression as more of a social and moral problem which requires self-management. There will generally be a lack of knowledge about depression as a disease in the non western community.   The false beliefs and stigmas will be more present in non western cultures as compared to their western counterparts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How widespread is serious depression? According to Dr. Nathan S. Kline of the New York State Department of Mental Hygiene, â€Å"it has been estimated that 15 per cent of the adult population of the United States has some degree of depression which is serious enough to be in need of treatment. This amounts to about 20 million people, which makes it not only the most frequent psychological disorder but also one of the most common of all serious medical conditions.† Depression is so widespread that it has been called â€Å"the common cold of mental disturbances.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Studies report that women outstrip men in suffering from depression by a ratio of about 2 to 1, though some claim that this is because women are more willing to admit that they are depressed. Depression afflicts all races and every social and economic level. While the malady is most common between the ages of sixty and seventy, it strikes all age groups and has been rising among persons in their twenties. Why do so many millions of persons suffer from depression?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Much study has gone into uncovering the root causes of mental depression. Flaws in human society constitute one main source of the problem. Illustrating an aspect of this are comments by Dr. John Schwab, of the University of Florida College of Medicine: â€Å"We’re in an era of change right now. Old values such as the old work ethic are being rejected and people are caught in an ideological vacuum. Kids see that the fruits of four hundred years of scientific progress may be more bitter than sweet—but they don’t know what to put in its place, and consequently there is a sense of futility.† Because of this, many disillusioned youngsters seek â€Å"escape† through drugs and other means. â€Å"The search for highs among the young,† observes Dr. Schwab, â€Å"is often only a flight from the lows.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Also contributing to the rise in depression is â€Å"supermobility.† Families that keep changing their places of residence, hopping about from house to house and city to city, do not stay in one place long enough to build solid relationships with other people. A psychiatrist at the Massachusetts Mental Health Center wrote: â€Å"Psychiatrists around Boston have been aware for some time of what is called ‘the Route 128 syndrome’ or in Florida ‘the Cape Kennedy syndrome.’ It is found in young families who have moved too much, and its components are a husband too centered in his career, a depressed wife and troubled children.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sometimes depression results when a person reaches a â€Å"plateau† in his life after many years of painstaking labor. A hard-driving business executive may finally achieve the top position in his company, only to realize that he no longer has a goal in life. Housewives in their forties and fifties often suffer from what psychiatrists call â€Å"empty nest syndrome.† By this time their children usually have grown up, their husbands are at work for most of each day and they must face lonely hours in houses devoid of people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What about the feelings of inferiority that often accompany depression? Here too the responsibility may rest with human society. How so? Because it is often at a tender age that children are made to feel unattractive. Their peers may ridicule them if they are unable to do what the majority consider the â€Å"in† thing. If a youngster tends to be clumsy and uncoordinated, schoolmates and playmates can influence the child to believe that he â€Å"can’t do anything right.† Children of this type often combine the generalization: â€Å"I am weak,† with the value judgment: â€Å"It’s disgusting to be weak.† Such youths are likely candidates for depression. Method    Participants   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Approximately 40 students (20 western, 20 international) students from a Midwest liberal arts college will participate in this study. All of them would be selected using randomized sampling. Participants will be offered candy for the completion of the survey. Materials    The survey questionnaire will consist of questions related to assessment of knowledge and attitudes towards depression and a demographic data form. The survey forms will contain closed ended questions only. It will consist of 3 parts.   The first section will consist of demographic questions to gather information about the participants: How long have they lived here. Have they adopted the western culture of living or not. The second part will consist of closed questions. The participants will have to choose from the given options in the questionnaires. There will be questions that ask whether they consider depression to be a serious disease. Whether they believe it is a disease of the mind, body, or mind and body. Questions related to stigma would also be included for example do they believe mentally ill people are more aggressive than others? Do they believe mental illnesses are not as severe as physical ones? Do they believe depressed people can be cured with drugs only, or do they require social and community help? Moreover, to support the validation of the results of the survey, the review of literature to be utilized within the research shall show a specific scale of measure that is used by psychologists to identify the behavior of humans with regards to depression from different cultures all over the world. Procedure   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is imperative to find out exactly how different cultures perceive depression as a disease. The researcher plans on conducting this research. This research will deal with the perception of depression as a disease amongst western and non western cultures. The research will also look into the level of awareness in different cultures about the prevalence of disease in their societies. This research will try to substantiate if the perception of depression varies with different cultures.   To complete the said aim, the research will be conducted on campus.   Participants will be debriefed on the study being researched. The researcher would then have the participants sign a consent form before they participate in the study. After which, a survey kit would then be handed out to them and they would be given three days to return them back. Data analysis A one way ANOVA would be conducted to analyze the data. Since we have two independent sample populations and more than two variables. This will allow for the comparison of attitudes about depression for members of Western and non-Western cultures. Using the ANOVA we can calculate whether the stated answers have associations with either the western or non western societies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   References Depression Information and Fact Statistics (2008), Depression statistics and information, retrieved on February 13, 2008, from http://www.add-adhd-help-center.com/Depression/statistics.htm Haasen C, Levit O, Gelbert A, Foroutan N, Norovjav A, Sinaa M, et.al, (2007), Relationship between mental distress and acculturation among migrants, psychrische praxis,    retrieved on February 13, 2008, from the NCBI database on   Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez Karasz, A. (2005), Cultural differences in conceptual models of depression, Social Science & medicine, 60, 1625-35, retrieved on February 13, 2008, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15652693?dopt=Abstract&holding=f1000,f1000m,isrctn Kessler, R., McGonagle K,, & Zhao S, et al. (1994) Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry;51:8-19. Murray, C., Lopez, A.D. (1997). â€Å"Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020: Global Burden of Disease Study†. Lancet 349 Neem F, Ayub M., Izhar N, Javed Z, et al (2005). Stigma and knowledge of depression, Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 21(2) 155-158. Pasacreta. J, (2008), Depression: Is society taking the wrong approach? , retrieved on February 13, 2008, from http://www.helium.com/tm/646939/novel-approach-managing-depression Scott, J. (2003), Global burden of depression: the intersection of culture and medicine, The British Journal of Psychiatry, 183: 92-94, retrieved on February 13, 2008, from http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/183/2/92 U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General. Mental Health: Culture, Race, Ethnicity – Supplement, A Report of the Surgeon General 1999.from: http://mentalhealth.samhsa.gov/cre/default.asp.

Chemistry project 12th Essay

This reaction is highly exothermic, but that is not why the plastic produced is referred to as â€Å"thermoset†. Bakelite is a space-network polymer. Unlike linear and branched polymers, which are composed of long molecules that make them more or less crystalline, space-network polymers are highly and irregularly cross-linked throughout the structure. The sheer extent of the cross-linking means that a sample of the material is essentially one gigantic molecule. Although heat softens and melts linear and branched polymers, heating doesn’t soften space-network polymers because such a softening would require the breaking of covalent bonds. In fact, heating usually produces additional cross-linking in these polymers, making them harder. It is for this reason that space-network polymers, such as bakelite, are called thermoset plastics. PROCEDURE: 1. Take 5ml acetic acid and 2.5ml formaldehyde in a breaker. 2. Add 2mg of phenol to this solution and stir the mixture. 3. Wrap a cloth loosely round the beaker. 4. Stir the solution well while heating. 5. Pass dry hydrochloric acid gas or add a few ml of concentric hydrochloric acid into the mixture. Observation: A large mass of light pink plastic is produce within 5 minutes. Precautions: a) The face of the beaker should not be towards the face of the worker during heating. b) Hydrochloric acid should not be poured into reaction mixture very slowly. c) The contact of phenol with skin should be avoided. Caution: As the reaction is sometimes vigorous while adding hydrochloric acid .It is better to be a few feet away from the beaker till the reaction in complete. Scope of the experiment: Uses of Bakelite are following: Substitute: Bakelite is used as a substitute of porcelain & other opaque ceramic materials. Board/table top: It is used in the area of board & table top games e.g. Billiard balls ,Dominoes etc. Mounting: It is used in mounting of metal samples. It is used in whistles, cameras, solid body& electric guitars. Bakelite is very suitable for emerging Electric & automobile industries because as its extra ordinary resistance but also due to its thermal resistance. It has been widely used in jewellery products. References: 1. Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bakelite 2. www.scribd.com 3. Comprehensive chemistry practical class XII Acknowledgment: I owe a great many thanks to a great many people who helped and supported me during the project. My deepest thanks to , the guide of the project for guiding and correcting various documents of mine with attention and care. She has taken pain to go through the project and make necessary correction as and when needed. I express my thanks to the principal, for extending his support. My deep sense of gratitude to the in charge of chemistry lab at CSE for their support and guidance. Thanks and appreciation to the helpful people at for the support. I would also thank my school and my friends without whom this project would have been a distant reality. I also extend my heartfelt thanks to my family and well wishers.

Locomotive and Conyers Rd Loganville Essay

Locomotive and Conyers Rd Loganville Essay Locomotive and Conyers Rd Loganville Essay Erin Nolan Mrs. Deaton AP English Language and Composition 9/29/14 Town History lefttopLoganville, Georgia is one of those small country towns that people tend to pass through rather than stay behind in. The Population is around eight thousand but it continues to grow. Back in the 1800's one farmer owned all of Loganville as a single plantation and it was only after he began to sell his land that it began to form a community. As its population peeked to five hundred a railway was established by the Georgia Carolina and Northern Railroad in 1898. This new railway would operate along a ten mile line between Loganville and Lawrenceville, GA. It's name was the LL Railroad. The artwork above can be found in the town library on Main Street at 363 Conyers Rd Loganville, GA 30052. Framed along one of the walls you can see the simple sketching of a small locomotive that played a key role in Loganville's early progression as an established city. The artist, Steve Story, was one of the engineers that helped to build and maintain the train. He used what appears to be an ebony pencil and simple cardstock to draw out the body of the train. Thin lines and precise shading outline and etch detail in the drawing so that no minor part of the train is left unknown. The grainy and smooth texture indicates the pencil and the shading technique of the artist. It also indicated the purpose of the drawing which was to either plan out how the train was to be build or how it was to

Free Essays on Privelege And Its Misuse

Project Two – â€Å"Privilege† and It’s Misuse Privilege in society is a misconception of the ignorant views of the people of this country and, furthermore, the world. To me, the word â€Å"privilege† is misused. Privilege is something to be earned and appreciated. With one’s success, privilege should be achieved. Instead, privilege is viewed as an attribute, allowing success. White, male, and straight are all defined as privilege. How do any of these portray the ability to succeed? Without the ignorant stereotypical views of society, they do not. I am frustrated on a daily basis by the stereotypes and generalizations of people in this world. Trends, statistics, nor averages are means to develop absolutes. However, people frequently use these to explain issues in society. Whether they intend to correct these issues or demean others, both groups are equally responsible for the promotion of the underlying problems associate with â€Å"privilege.† The simple concept of â€Å"privilege† vs. prejudice is misinterpreted. The problems with the standard interpretation come with assuming a difference between the â€Å"privileged† and the prejudged. Although, most would disagree I believe everyone has the same opportunities in this world. At least in this country, at the age of eighteen, every American has the right to choose their own future. Again, privilege should be a product of success. Success in this world, for anybody, requires a certain level of work, and contribution. If that effort is produced by the individual or given to them by others only determines the need for that person’s drive to succeed and the level of difficulty in attaining such success. Obviously, it would be â€Å"easier† for a person of millionaire parents to succeed and achieve privilege then for someone with unemployed, bankrupt parents. So, does that make success unattainable for some? In the eyes of lazy America, it does. I strongly disagree wit... Free Essays on Privelege And It's Misuse Free Essays on Privelege And It's Misuse Project Two – â€Å"Privilege† and It’s Misuse Privilege in society is a misconception of the ignorant views of the people of this country and, furthermore, the world. To me, the word â€Å"privilege† is misused. Privilege is something to be earned and appreciated. With one’s success, privilege should be achieved. Instead, privilege is viewed as an attribute, allowing success. White, male, and straight are all defined as privilege. How do any of these portray the ability to succeed? Without the ignorant stereotypical views of society, they do not. I am frustrated on a daily basis by the stereotypes and generalizations of people in this world. Trends, statistics, nor averages are means to develop absolutes. However, people frequently use these to explain issues in society. Whether they intend to correct these issues or demean others, both groups are equally responsible for the promotion of the underlying problems associate with â€Å"privilege.† The simple concept of â€Å"privilege† vs. prejudice is misinterpreted. The problems with the standard interpretation come with assuming a difference between the â€Å"privileged† and the prejudged. Although, most would disagree I believe everyone has the same opportunities in this world. At least in this country, at the age of eighteen, every American has the right to choose their own future. Again, privilege should be a product of success. Success in this world, for anybody, requires a certain level of work, and contribution. If that effort is produced by the individual or given to them by others only determines the need for that person’s drive to succeed and the level of difficulty in attaining such success. Obviously, it would be â€Å"easier† for a person of millionaire parents to succeed and achieve privilege then for someone with unemployed, bankrupt parents. So, does that make success unattainable for some? In the eyes of lazy America, it does. I strongly disagree wit...

How to Read and Understand a Difficult Book or Chapter

How to Read and Understand a Difficult Book or Chapter Weve all encountered chapters or books that we just cant get into or we dont understand. There are lots of reasons for this: sometimes were required to read about a topic that is just plain boring, sometimes we try to read material that is written way above our current reading level, and sometimes we find that the writer is just plain bad at explaining things. It happens. If you find yourself reading an entire chapter or book several times without understanding it, try taking the following steps. Be sure to do steps 1 to 3 before you jump in to read the text. Difficulty: Hard Time Required: Differs by length of written material What You Need: A difficult book or passageNote paperPencilSticky note flagsQuiet room How to Do It 1. Read the introduction and reflect.  Any nonfiction article or book will have an introductory section that gives an overview of the main points. Read this first, then stop, think, and soak it in.Reason: All textbooks on a certain topic are not created equal! Every writer has a certain theme or point of view, and that will be introduced in your introduction. Its important to understand this theme or focus  because it will help you to recognize why certain examples or comments appear in your reading. 2. Look at the sub-headings. Most books or chapters will progress in some manner, whether they show a progression of time or an evolution of ideas. Look over the topics and try to find the pattern.Reason: Writers begin the writing process with an outline. The subheadings or subtitles you see in your text show you how the author started when organizing his/her thoughts. Subtitles show the overall subject broken down into smaller segments which are arranged in the most logical progression.   3. Read the summary and reflect.  Right after you read the introduction and subheadings, flip to the back of the chapter and read the summary.Reason: The summary  should re-state the points that were mentioned in the introduction. (If they dont, then this really is a difficult book to understand!) This reiteration of the main points may offer the material in more depth or from a different viewpoint. Read this section, then stop and soak it in. 4. Read the material. Now that youve had time to understand the points the author is trying to convey, youre more apt to recognize them when they come along. When you see a major point, flag it with a sticky note.   5. Take notes. Take notes and, if possible, make a brief outline as you read. Some people like to underline words or points in pencil. Only do this if you own the book. 6. Watch for lists. Always look for code words that tell you a list is coming. If you see a passage that says There were three major effects of this event, and they all impacted the political climate, or something similar, you can be sure there is a list following. The effects will be listed, but they may be separated by many paragraphs, pages, or chapters. Always find them and make note of them. 7. Look up words you dont understand. Dont be in a rush! Stop whenever you see a word that you cant immediately define in your own words.Reason: One word can indicate the entire tone or view of the piece. Dont try to guess the meaning. That can be dangerous! Make sure to look up the definition. 8. Keep on plugging through. If youre following the steps but you still dont seem to be soaking in the material, just keep reading. Youll surprise yourself. 9. Go back and hit the highlighted points. Once you get to the end of the piece, go back and review the notes youve made. Look over the important words, points, and lists.Reason: Repetition is the key to retaining information. 10. Review the introduction and summary. When you do, you may find that youve absorbed more than you realized. Tips Dont be hard on yourself. If this is hard for you, its probably just as hard for other students in your class.Dont try to read in a noisy environment. That might be ok under other circumstances, but its not a good idea when attempting difficult reading.Talk to others who are reading the same material.You can always join the homework forum and ask advice from others.Dont give up!

How to be an effective team Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How to be an effective team - Research Proposal Example a)For an adult learner, effective team work is crucial for learning and knowledge acquisition process. For this age group, team communication is one of the main elements which help the organization to create high performance teams and achieve further growth and development. In general, a learning team can be defined as a group of individuals working together to solve problems or accomplish tasks. It is the ever-changing collective feelings, hopes, problems and pains of the community. Rather than simply "tell" students that a certain situation or problem is interesting or important, researchers suggest that the teacher try to arouse their sense of curiosity (Bruner, 2007). Once aroused, it will carry the students through the planned course of study. Learners must get involved with whatever topic or problem they select and must learn its characteristics as well as the general skills of problem solving. In short, we learn by doing. The traditional, logical method of pedagogy presents a systematic, organized body of material. The psychological method links the subject to the learners life situation and then lets him or her work through it in initially chaotic form until a clearer understanding emerges (Dickson and Hargie, 2003). For an adult learner, learning teams are a powerful design option that hopes to meet the challenges of increased knowledge demands, improve output quality, and address the social needs of the ever-changing global workforce. However, the success or failure of work teams will depend largely on communication. Effective communication requires that HR practitioners adapt key assumptions about motivation, structure, and accountability. Adapted assumptions must support lateral thinking, collaboration, interdependence, a focus on process, permeable boundaries, and mutual responsibility. Learning teams are most effective when there is high task interdependence

Self-pity as a Dominant Emotion in Sor Juana's Reply to Sor Filotea de Research Paper

Self-pity as a Dominant Emotion in Sor Juana's Reply to Sor Filotea de la Cruz - Research Paper Example . Some of her works include This Sex Which Is Not One, Empenos De Una Casa (The Trials of a Household), Primero Sueno (first dream), Carta Atenagorica and Respuesta a Sor Filotea (response to Sor Filotea). In her response to Sor Filotea De La Cruz, Sor Juana brings out the dominant emotion, pity that reveals her feeling about the states of affairs in the society at that point in time. Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz wrote Respuesta a Sor Filotea (response to Sor Filotea) in Spain. This was a reply to Sor Filotea De La Cruz (Cruz and Rappaport 314). Throughout the reply, we find heavy groveling to the feet of the bishop with apologies that include explanations of the pains that De La Cruz goes through at that time. Sor Juana wrote the reply at a time when her society favored men to women. Women were seen as incompetent and an inferior group in the society. They were given subordinate roles and were supposed to be submissive to men. Sor Juana was motivated by the betrayal of women in the soc iety. She wrote with the intention of inspiring women not to succumb to the unfair treatments they were subjected to by the society (Cruz and Rappaport 314). One major aspect that Sor Juana used to push her idea forth was irony. Throughout the reply, she has used irony as her most important tool. Perhaps it was influenced by the place of a woman in the society. For example she states that, â€Å"†¦The first and to me the most insuperable is the question of how to respond to your immensely learned, prudent, devout, and loving letter† (De la Cruz 39). She uses this to show her feelings towards the dreadful deed that the bishop had done. She uses this ironical statement to show that despite the fact that the society thinks of women as stupid and incompetent people, they are intelligent and knowledgeable. Sor Juana decided to show her intelligence though a polite manner often apologizing and taking the submissive role just as a woman was supposed to behave (Cruz and Rappapor t 314). Women were not allowed to talk. They were to do what men told them to do. De La Cruz says, â€Å"†¦I.  .  .  was sorely tempted to take refuge in silence. But as silence is a negative thing, though it explains a great deal through the very stress of not explaining, we must assign some meaning to it that we may understand what the silence†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (De la Cruz 8). In the reply, Sor Juana tells the reader about the ways in which the society was determined to ensure that women remained helpless. The society did this by ensuring that it bound and suppressed them by maintaining a male dominant environment. The society discouraged women from attending school because they were supposed to sit at home, do home chores and take care of children. In her reply, Sor Juana shows that she had the desire to learn but the society could not support her because she was a woman. She says that, â€Å"no teacher besides books themselves.† (De la Cruz 53) She had to study bo oks on her own without the help of teachers. On the other hand boys of her age went to school and were taught be teachers. It is because of her intelligence and hard work that she managed to pursue her goals. Sor Juana shows the reader the struggle she passed through teaching herself several subjects that she lists throughout the text. (De la Cruz 53). The society did not allow women to be educated or put their ideas in writing. The society did not find anything useful that women would write. Her reply clearly shows the society’s position on the right of women to study and their courage to affirm

Movie review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Movie Review Example The video further explains that the three groups; the Jews, Muslims and the Christians revere Jerusalem as a very holy city and they seek to protect this land and in doing this, they are likely to be at loggerheads with each other. This explains the strife in the region as the Jews and the other groups tussle for a claim to the possession of the city of Jerusalem (Israelis and Palestinians). The video explains that Judaism is the religious culture of the Jews as they have been practicing this religion in the city of Jerusalem for several centuries now and their religious affiliation with the city could be explained by their sacred temple in Jerusalem and this makes the city highly significant to the Jews. The Jews claim that Jerusalem has always been the central city of Israel, hence they lay their claim to the ownership of the city as they believe that it is their sovereign city. The Christians on their own part claim that the city of Jerusalem is where the the Temple Mount (Hara mesh=Sharif) is a very important sanctuary to the religion of Islam as they believe that it was from a rock on the site of Temple Mount that Prophet Muhammad ascended into heaven and this explains the reason the Muslims believe that Jerusalem is sacred to them as they go there year after year not only to honor the prophet, but also to pray to Allah (God) as they are of the opinion that their prayers would easily get to heaven from the spot the holy prophet ascended to heaven, as some Muslims claim that it is the gateway to heaven. (b) It would be really difficult to make a decision on whether Jerusalem should be divided between the Israelis and Palestinians. The Palestinians have a bulk of their population in the city of Jerusalem, while the Israelis equally have a large amount of their citizens in their city. The Israelis live in most parts of West Jerusalem, while the Palestinians live in most

Restorative Justice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Restorative Justice - Assignment Example ative justice works as a crime prevention tool because any crime cannot be observed out of social context and community justice has a constructive influence on the offender. According to Dignan (2005), restorative justice as an effective tool of crime prevention allows to ‘govern the future’, instead of only thinking about mistakes of the past. The benefits of Restorative Justice to the Community are the following: restorative justice allows the Community to be involved into the process of justice, defining crime not only as lawbreaking, but also as harming to different kinds of victims; restorative justice involves different parties into the process and the problem of crime become not only the problem of the government, but also the problem of the community; restorative justice defines success differently and it allows to understand and satisfy victims’ needs end offenders’ responsibilities in a full degree. Thinking about the benefits of restorative justice to the Offender it becomes understandable that offenders returning to the community after the term of their punishment have a possibility to be successfully reintegrated to their communities and families, and continue normal life, instead of being out of the community for the whole

Tourism Attraction Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tourism Attraction Assessment - Assignment Example They focus on the regional commercial, cultural and political activities. It translates the reputation and visibility of the local area into higher achievements and attractions (Richards 113). The local Art museum is advertised in various brochures and an internet source like their website.it is situated in Central Avenue, Ithaca New York which opens from 10am to 5 pm and is easily accessible by a personal car, bus or foot and the directions and bus timetable are given in their website and brochures. There is free admission for all therefore appealing to all persons and not just luxurious visitors. The Johnson Museum of Art provides easy accessibility and excellent experience for people with a range of disabilities the staff and receptionists are available to assureof comfort and trained staff members are available to provide tours to children and adults with disabilities. There is aminimum of five people per tour and fifteen per group and a requirement for a two weeks’ notice, a guide is assigned for every group of visitors; they show them around explaining the various exhibitions and arts around the museum (Herbert para 1). The museum is visited by various demographics that are curious to learn and appreciate culture and beauty, it boasts as a unique destination because it is made vibrant by the students and faculty of Ithaca College and Cornell university,visitors range from local tourists like university students who are there to learn and appreciation of their culture to international visitors who are enticed by the beauty of the museum and the charm of the environment. The museum displays Art in the form of modern, contemporary, photographs, videos, print and drawings among others. Their collectionpromotes teaching, learning, and research in a wide range of disciplines and is constantly being developed. Some of their Art work and publications can be purchased by the visitors. This can also be done online on their

Writing an event Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Writing an event - Essay Example The intricacies of a busy family life then was the culprit for my entering school almost two months after the official opening of classes. I gathered, they just forgot. I can still remember the fear I have inside with my heart throbbing ferociously. There I was in my crisp new uniform with a heavy bag loaded with books sheepishly creeping in the classroom accompanied by my mother. Her warm hands clasp my cold sweaty palms. There she was, the teacher, smiling and beckoning me to her side. She briefly made a short, rather loud introduction in front of those staring, rather, glaring eyes attached to little children seated in their respective desks. I somehow wondered how in the world did I get an instant desk. And how come they all seem to know each other – whispering to each other (aloud) –when I could hardly recognize any of them? My mother started to bid me goodbye but I refused to get my sweaty hand’s grasp out of her warm palm. No, mommy! Don’t leave me here with these strangers all staring at me like I am some alien from another world – so I thought. With relentless reassurance from Miss Cruz (who started to take my hand off from my mother) and my mom who promised she would stay only outside the classroom where I can still see her and wait until classes are over – did I finally succumb. Anyway, they added, recess is almost near. What is the world does that mean? I wondered. After being seated, a girl right beside my desk, in braids and spectacles, Rebecca, started to talk to me. She asked me what my name was and offered to assist me in the topic they were discussing when my entrance rudely interrupted them. She appeared friendly and her spectacles prevented me from seeing her stare. After that tragic, drastic, nerve-wrecking day, as a naà ¯ve girl of five, I started my academic journey of which until now, several challenging years after, I still

Tourism Attraction Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tourism Attraction Assessment - Assignment Example They focus on the regional commercial, cultural and political activities. It translates the reputation and visibility of the local area into higher achievements and attractions (Richards 113). The local Art museum is advertised in various brochures and an internet source like their website.it is situated in Central Avenue, Ithaca New York which opens from 10am to 5 pm and is easily accessible by a personal car, bus or foot and the directions and bus timetable are given in their website and brochures. There is free admission for all therefore appealing to all persons and not just luxurious visitors. The Johnson Museum of Art provides easy accessibility and excellent experience for people with a range of disabilities the staff and receptionists are available to assureof comfort and trained staff members are available to provide tours to children and adults with disabilities. There is aminimum of five people per tour and fifteen per group and a requirement for a two weeks’ notice, a guide is assigned for every group of visitors; they show them around explaining the various exhibitions and arts around the museum (Herbert para 1). The museum is visited by various demographics that are curious to learn and appreciate culture and beauty, it boasts as a unique destination because it is made vibrant by the students and faculty of Ithaca College and Cornell university,visitors range from local tourists like university students who are there to learn and appreciation of their culture to international visitors who are enticed by the beauty of the museum and the charm of the environment. The museum displays Art in the form of modern, contemporary, photographs, videos, print and drawings among others. Their collectionpromotes teaching, learning, and research in a wide range of disciplines and is constantly being developed. Some of their Art work and publications can be purchased by the visitors. This can also be done online on their

Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities Facing IT Managers Essay Example for Free

Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities Facing IT Managers Essay Cyber-security demands are ever increasing in the field of Information Technology with the globalization of the internet. Disruptions due to cyber-attacks are affecting the economy, costing companies billions of dollars each year in lost revenue. To counter this problem corporations are spending more and more on infrastructure and investing to secure the cyber security vulnerabilities which range anywhere from software to hardware to networks and people that use them. Due to the complexity of information systems that interact with each other and their counter parts, the requirement to meet specific cyber security compliances have become a challenging issues for security professionals worldwide. To help with these issues, security professionals have created different standards and frameworks over the years for addressing this growing concern of vulnerabilities within enterprise systems and the critical information they hold (â€Å"Critical Security Controls,† n.d.). Before we get into the details let first examine what exactly is a security vulnerability. By definition a security vulnerability can be flaws in hardware, software, networks or the employees that use them which in turn can allow hackers to compromise the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the information system (â€Å"Common Cybersecurity,† 2011). To thoroughly discuss this topic in more detail I will first discuss Confidentiality as it is one of the three main goals of IT Security. Confidentiality is as simple as it sounds, limiting access to resources for only those that need it. Confidentiality vulnerabilities occur when hackers try to exploits some weakness or flaw  within information system and view information that they are not normally allowed to. In this case the confidentiality of the documents have been compromised. The second goal of IT security which can also be affected if security vulnerabilities are present is Integrity. Integrity by definition can mean many different things for different topics but for the IT world it solely relates to the trustworthiness of a document or resource. This means that the document or file has been unhindered or changed and is still in its original form. This is very important because if data has been hindered or changed it can cause substantial damage to corporations due to the possible wrong decisions being made like investments or unintended publications or even trouble with the law if tax audits are not adding up properly which would all result in a net loss. The last goal of IT security which can be compromised if security vulnerabilities exist is Availability of the information system. Availability refers to the idea that a resource is accessible by those that need it, whenever they need it. In my personal opinion I believe availability is probably the most important out of the three security goals. I say this simply because there are many mission critical applications out there that need to be online 24/7 and any downturn can result in catastrophic results. One prime example of this is the air traffic control towers at LAX; they were having problems with the system a few months back due to the U-2 spy plane flying over their airspace. This caused major panic which grounded taxied planes that were ready to take off and forced the manual tracking of planes already in air (Ahlers, 2014). Throughout this the paper I intend to report on the many different types of cyber-security vulnerabilities available and their effects. I will also describe in detail the vulnerability I feel is the most important facing IT managers today, its impact on organizations and the solution. As I stated before there are many different types of security vulnerabilities out there which can affect the integrity, availability and confidentiality of a resource. So the question still remains what exactly are t hese types of vulnerabilities? Especially since they range from software, hardware, networks and the people that use them. Firstly I will discuss the software vulnerabilities, more specifically in terms of web applications. This is because more than half of the current  computer security threats and vulnerabilities today affect web applications and that number is ever increasing. (Fonseca, Seixas, Vieira, Madeira, 2014). When considering the programming language used to develop web applications you have PHP which is considered a weak language, on the other hand you have Java, C# and Visual Basic which are considered strong languages. It is important to note that the language used to develop the web applications is very important because although the different programming languages are similar overall, each one has different rules of how data is stored, retrieved, the execution methods, tables and so on. For example when I say how data is stored and retrieve, I am basically regarding to data types and data structures and how the programming language that is being used maps their values into type fields like strings for names, Int for numbers, or even Boolean for true and false statements. Overall though even if you are using a strong typed language like Java, it does not always guarantee itself free from defects because the language itself may not be the root cause of the vulnerability but possibly the implementation methods used or even insufficient testing (Fonseca, Seixas, Vieira, Madeira, 2014). Vulnerabilities in web applications invite XSS exploits and SQL injection which are the most common types. Below you can see in the image the evolution of reports caused by SQL injection and XSS exploits over the years. This next section we will discuss some more types of security vulnerabilities, more specifically vulnerabilities with regards to hardware. Many people assume that hardware vulnerabilities have the lowest security concern compared to other types of vulnerabilities like software, networks and people that use them simply because they can be stored up in secure environments. The truth is even hardware vulnerabilities can be easily susceptible to attacks. Hardware in general have a longer lifespan than software because simply with software you can upgrade it and install new patches/builds even after deployment. With hardware you once you purchase it, you are most likely going to keep it for a while. When it does become obsolete and ready to be disposed a lot of organizations make the simple mistake of not securely disposing the old hardware properly which in turn opens up the door for intruders. Old hardware have software programs installed on them and other things like IC transistors whi ch can help  hackers learn a lot more about the organization and help lead to future attacks (Bloom, Leontie, Narahari, Simha, 2012). The most recent example of hardware vulnerability which caused one of the biggest Cybersecurity breaches in history was most recently with Target. 40 million credit and debit cards with customer information was stolen simply because a malware was introduced to the point of sale system through a hardware encryption vulnerability (Russon, 2014). Although hardware vulnerabilities are not normally the root cause for majority of the exploits and breaches out there, it is always still good to follow best practices. Network vulnerabilities will be the next topic of discussion and my personal favorite. Vulnerabilities through network systems are very common especially with the all the resources available to hackers today. There are many open source software programs on the market which can help intruders learn critical information about an organization. Just to name a few of the most popular and commonly used ones include Nmap security scanner and Wireshark. Nmap security scanner was originally developed to be used for security and system administration purposes only, like mapping the network for vulnerabilities. Today it most commonly used for black hat hacking (Weston, 2013). Hackers use it to scan open unused ports and other vulnerabilities which in turn helps them gain unauthorized access to the network. Wireshark on the other hand is also similar to Nmap as it was originally developed for network analysis and troubleshooting. It allows administrators to view and capture all packet resources that passes through a particular interface. Over the years hackers have started using Wireshark to exploit unsecured networks and gain unauthorized access (Shaffer, 2009). Although scanning unused open ports and capturing packets are a great way for intruders to gain access to a network, the most popular method by far to breach a network is USB thumb devices. Most enterprise networks are very secure in the sense that they use a DMZ (De-militarized zone) and outside penetration becomes very difficult. In a de-militarized zone outside network traffic must go pass through two different firewalls to get to the intranet of the organization. The first firewall includes all the commonly used servers like FTP, SMTP and all other resources that can be accessible by the public. The second firewall has the actual intranet of the organization which includes all private resources (Rouse, 2007). Below is the diagram of a DMZ. So the question still remains, since most enterprise organizations use DMZ which in turn helps prevent port scanning or packet analyzing, why is USB thumb devices the most popular network vulnerability? (Markel, 2013) The answer is very simple â€Å"Social engineering†. We as human beings, through social conditioning do not stop and ask questions when were not familiar with someone, which in turn has become one of the major causes for the cybersecurity breaches that occur today. Just to give one example from my own personal experiences at work, each floor has an authentication swipe policy to gain entry. Every time I enter the office area, there are a few people with me and only one person in the group usually swipes his/her badge to open the door. This is a huge security vulnerability because anyone can just follow the group and gain access to the entire intranet of the organization. In my case in particular I work for United Airlines headquarters in Chicago at the Willis tower which is more than 100 stories high and the fact that the entire building is not ours alone, this becomes a huge security concern. While I have briefly explained the vulnerabilities in software, hardware, networks and the people that use them, the question still remains, what is the most important security vulnerability facing IT managers today?. This answer to this questions differs person to person, and one must take into consideration the actual vulnerability, its threat source and the outcomes. A person with a small home business might only be concerned with denial of service attacks, since they may not have enough cash flow to properly secure their network. On the other hand an enterprise organization with large cash flow might have a different prospective and probably does not concern itself with denial of service attacks but instead is focuses on making sure all the systems are upda te using windows server update services. In my personal opinion though, you might have guessed it but it’s definitely us human beings because we have the tendency to fall victims and contribute to the successful security breaches that occur in today’s society. Mateti in his essay â€Å"TCP/IP Suite† stated that vulnerabilities occur because of human error. A study by Symantec and the Ponemon institute showed that 64 percent of data breaches in 2012 were resulted due to human mistakes (Olavsrud, 2013). Larry Ponemon the founder of security research at Ponemon Institute and chairman stated that â€Å"Eight  years of research on data breach costs has shown employees behavior to be one of the most pressing issues facing organizations today†, up by twenty two percent since the first survey† (Olvasrud, 2013). A prime example of this is when I stated earlier about how anyone can just enter my office area without swiping their card, just by simply following the group. This is a form of human erro r when employees are too intimidated to ask questions and request authorization from someone they believe does not work for the organization. The intruder can just walk in the front door pretending to be a salesperson, repairman or even a white collar businessman and may look like someone legitimate but in fact they are not. This intruder now has direct access to the intranet and can install malicious malware on to the computers to disrupt daily operations or even steal sensitive data like confidential project information, release dates, trade secrets and many more. A very good example of this is the Stuxnet worm which infect the Iranian nuclear facilities and caused a lot of damage internally which in turn delayed Iran’s nuclear development. All of the security measures that were put in place by Iran’s cyber defense team were circumvented simply by just one employee because the worm was introduced through an infected USB drive. This simply shows how the direct access from unauthorized users due to employee negligence can cause such tremendous damage and that all the perimeter defense become completely useles s. Another prime example of human errors was the RSA breach in 2011 where cybercriminals thought instead of just sending millions of phishing emails to different random mailboxes, let’s send personalized emails to specific employees. The employees at RSA thinking since it’s a personalized message its â€Å"safe† and clicked on the links unknowingly which in turn caused the malware to be downloaded on to the network. To counter this problem firstly IT managers need to properly train employees and give them specific guidelines to follow. Symantec has issued a press releases with the guidelines on how to properly secure sensitive data which includes information on how to train employees for these types of intrusions. Human error is not just limited to intimation or foolishness, it also expands too many different areas because after all it is us humans who manage the cyberspace, grant physical access to the terminals and systems that are connected to the internetwork. We setup the protocols used for communication, set the security policies and procedures,  code backend server software, create passwords used to access sensitive information, maintain updates on computers and so on (â€Å"Security 2011, † 2011 ). The human element matters very much possibly more than the software, hardware or the network systems especially when it comes to properly securing an internetwork from data breaches. The impact on the organization always depends on what type of business it is and what it is engaged in. For example if an organization is very popular and has bigger presence in the online commerce (Amazon and New Egg) compared to one that does not use the internet quiet often will be more concerned with web based attacks and vulnerabilities. The impact though regardless of the type of organization will always be tremendous. Once a breach occurs not only are you spending on recovering from its effects but you are also spending on beefing up your current security measures by installing new devices, hiring new employees so the same occurrence does not occur again (Hobson, 2008) Sometimes at the end of the day some of the cost are not even recoverable like sensitive data, trade secrets, personnel information or even customer information. Another major cost and headache that occurs once an organization becomes a victim of cybercrime is lawsuits. Many customers who feel that the organization could not protect their confidentiality will sue the corporation for millions of dollars which in turn can cause major loss. IT managers can do many things to help prevent breaches due to human errors. The first thing they can do is properly train the employees as stated above on a periodical basis and use current guidelines like Symantec to properly secure their intranet from any type of intrusion. IT managers can also establish a safe harbor in the sense that they can force employees to periodically change their passwords and establish rules so the password must be certain characters long and must include other types of characters besides just the typical alphanumerical ones. Employee negligence also due to bad habits like sending sensitive data over an unsecured email and IT managers must ensure that they continually educate their employees. There are many different types of security vulnerabilities out there in today’s world that are affecting organizations. In my personal opinion I believe human error is the one vulnerability that affects IT managers the most simply because we as humans make mistakes. It is in our nature and no matter how hard we try we will always be susceptible to deception either through social engineering tactics or clicking dangerous  links because it â€Å"looks safe† or even being negligent by not reporting something unusual. Employees need to realize that their actions can bring terrible consequences for both them and the organization as a whole. References Fonseca, J., Seixas, N., Viera, M., Madeira, H. (2014). Analysis of Field Data on Web Security Vulnerabilities. IEEE Transaction on Dependable Secure Computing, 11(2), 89-100 doi:10.1109/TDSC.2013.37 Russon, M. (2014, June 10). Forget Software Vulnerabilities, Hardware Security Must Improve Before Its Too Late. International Business Times RSS. Retrieved July 12, 2014, from http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/forget-software-vulnerabilities-hardware-security-must-improve-before-its-too-late-1451912 Bloom, G., Leontie, E., Narahari, B., Simha, R. (2012, January 1). Hardware and Security: Vulnerabilities and Solutions. . Retrieved July 12, 2014, from http://www.seas.gwu.edu/~simha/research/HWSecBookChapter12.pdf Common Cyber Security Vulnerabilities in Industrial Control Systems. (2011, January 1). . Retrieved July 12, 2014, from https://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/sites/default/files/documents/DHS_Common_Cybersecurity_Vulnerabilities_ICS_2010.pdf Critical Security Controls. (n.d.). SANS Institute -. Retrieved July 12, 2014, from http://www.sans.org/critical-security-controls Ahlers, M. (2014, May 6). FAA computer vexed by U-2 spy plane over LA. CNN. Retrieved July 13, 2014, from http://www.cnn.com/2014/05/05/us/california-ground-stop-spy-plane-computer/ Most Important Cybersecurity Vulnerability Facing It Managers. (n.d.). . Retrieved July 13, 2014, from http://www.ukessays.com/essays/computer-science/most-important-cybersecurity-vulnerability-facing-it-managers-computer-science-essay.php Security 2011: Attack Of The Human Errors Network Computing. (2011, December 22).Network Computing. Retrieved July 13, 2014, from http://www.networkcomputing.com/networking/security-2011-attack-of-the-human-errors/d/d-id/1233294? Hobson, D. (2008, August 8). The real cost of a security breach. SC Magazine. Retrieved July 13, 2014, from http://www.scmagazine.com/the-real-cost-of-a-security-breach/article/113717/ Direct, M. (2013, December 20). Human error is the root cause of most data

How The Globalization Has Been Influenced Politics Essay

How The Globalization Has Been Influenced Politics Essay Question  : What factors have shaped the processes of globalization? Discuss to what extent the world economy is becoming less or more globalised as a consequence of the global recession started in 2008? draw the views of radicals, sceptics and pragmatics regarding the factors promoting  : the existence of economic globalisation as a new phenomenon DIFFERENT FROM internationalization, westernization, liberalism or cultural convergence. It should further discuss: to what extent such factors have been influenced by the economic crisis AND what are the consequences for the globalising world economy. Key authors: HIRST THOMPSON, sCHOLTE (BOTH IN THE READING PACKAGE.) OHMAE DICKEN Introduction : In the last decade, globalization has been much all over the news. But despite its prominence, globalization is viewed as a highly complex process difficult to define. Essay divided in 3 parts : Introduction: 250 words The factors that have shaped the economic globalization: 1000 words The globalization debate: 900 words How the globalization has been influenced by the economic crisis and the consequences on the world economy: 1000 words Conclusion: 150 words Indeed, it a topic that is discussed by many authors who strongly disagree about its significance. Impossible to define. I will present the nature and the significance of these processes. (prod, finance, trade) Globalization is transforming the ways in which nations interact in the last few decades international trade and  production has become increasingly globalised and corporate activity has diversified and multiplied Not only globalization is very real, but it consequences can be felt everywhere. The global market place is more developed than in the 60s and 70s and is indifferent to national borders. Nations have lost most of their sovereignty and politicians have lost most of their capability to influence events. The era of nation state is over THE FACTORS THAT HAVE SHAPED THE PROCESSES OF ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION According to Castells, economic globalization can be mainly conceived as three different sets of factors that have shaped the processes of globalization, encompassing the changes that took place at a global level over the last few decades: the globalization of production, the globalization of finance and the globalization of trade (Castells, 2000). The globalization of production The globalization of production encompasses the changes that took place in a global level regarding the ways in which production of goods and services is organized and involve three dynamics: a massive increase of Foreign Direct Investment, an increased role of transnational corporations in the world economy and finally a growth of long distance production network (Prasad, 2006). The massive increase of FDI According to Razin and Sadka, the foreign direct investment (FDI) can be defined as an investment involving a long-term relationship and reflecting a lasting interest and control of a resident entity in the source country (foreign direct investment or parent firm) in the host country. (Razin and Sadka, 2007). As mentioned by Castells, since 1960, the FDI was more and more concentrated in industrialized countries with its origins in a small group of industrialized countries and its destinations in the same group. However, as a real result of the economic globalization, the countries of the Third World are becoming important destinations. For example, transnational corporations investments in transition economies are growing significantly and according to the UNCTAD, China replaced the United States as the worlds largest destination for FDI in 2003 (UNCTAD, 2005). Therefore, it is possible to argue that there is globalization of production because the economic globalization is reorient ing the destinations of FDI. The role of transnational corporations in the world economy Transnational corporations like Airbus, Samsung, Nike or Apple are companies who have their headquarters in one country (mainly concentrated in industrialized countries) and a number of subsidiaries in more than one foreign country. They constitute the most important vehicle for FDI, exceeding sometimes the gross domestic products of some national economies. Their role in the global economy is more and more important as their number is significantly increasing. Also, some transnational corporations located in some countries of the Third World tend to become significant vehicles for FDI (Held Mc Grew, 2003). Consequently, the internationalization and the growing importance of these multinational corporations are rapidly shaping the processes of economic globalization. The growth of long distance production network According to Gereffi and Korzeniewicz, most of the large transnational corporations tend to disperse their production networks internationally which represents a fundamental difference from earlier, when the production processes were mainly organized within national frontiers (Gereffi and Korzeniewicz, 1994). Those new global commodity chains keep evolving through time and involve market-based networks of global scope organized by the multinational corporations through relying upon contracting and sub-contracting of production processes worldwide (Prasad, 2006). According to Gereffi, there are two types of global world commodity chains: the producer-driven chain in which large manufacturing multinational corporations take a leadership role by organizing the chains; and the buyer-driven chains in which the leadership role is taken by the global retailers and marketers (Gereffi, 2002). Consequently, the global production of goods and services gradually occurs through broadly- dispersed network activities that have shaped something similar to a global web of productive activities. Hence, these three dynamics that constitute the globalization of production have influenced the world the economy while determining the processes of economic globalization. However, as previously mentioned, economic globalization also involves globalization of finance. The globalization of finance Economic globalization has been accompanied by notable fluctuations in the nature of the global financial organization. Indeed, the financial design that has been established by the Bretton Woods Agreement founded a system of fixed exchange rates across national currencies (Bordo and Eichengreen, 1993). Though, after the collapse of this system in the 1970s, the global financial system has progressively become globalized and presented a rising tendency toward global integration of financial markets and dome groundbreaking financial instruments. Therefore, nowadays businesses increasingly work in a world of globally integrated capital markets with developments in a particular part of the planet rapidly spreading their effects on a global level. Moreover, the globalization of finance has resulted in a surprising explosion of currency trading isolated from transnational trade. Therefore, it is possible to understand that the changes concerning the global production and finance also implied a globalization of trade. The globalization of trade The increase of international trade in every economic activities worldwide. International trade has grown significantly in relation to national income. Compared to the era of the rapid trade growth of the 1990s, the export levels today are much bigger for the states part of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) because the trading walls have fallen across the world. Therefore, global markets have arisen for many goods and services. Also, in terms of value, trade in manufactured products accounts for about 75 per cent of the global trade when trade in services represent only 20 per cent (Castells, 2000). Changes in geographical patterns of international trade As the manufactured products represent such a great part of the international trade, it is without a doubt that industrialized economies lead the international trade. However, as a result of the globalization of production and finance, the international trade tends to be increasingly geographically diversified. Indeed, as the exports between industrialized countries have significantly dropped, the exports between the Third World countries have increased which is changing the geographical patterns of international trade (Nigel, 2012) The emergence of large regional trade groups as EU, NAFTA etc. The globalization of trade introduced the development of regional trade group as the European Union (EU), Association of south East Asia Nations (ASEAN), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and Mercosur designed to give extra impulse to trade between member countries (Frankel, 1997). The first section of this paper has explained the factors that have shaped the processes of economic globalization. But globalization and its consequences constitute the root of many controversies and debates that will be discussed in the second part of this paper. THE GLOBALIZATION DEBATE According to Giddens, when it comes to the question of globalization, it is possible to distinguish three schools of thought: the hyperglobalizers, the sceptics and the transformationalists. Those three schools attempted to explain and understand the recent concept that is globalization, and more precisely, economic globalization. The hyperglobalizers According to Ohmae, globalization could be defined as a new era of human history in which traditional nation-states have become unnatural, even impossible business units in a global economy (Ohmae, 1995). Ohmaes of globalization privileges its economic logic while the other branch of this school of thought, the neoliberals, sees the globalization as the emergence of a single global market. Therefore, the hyperglobalizers think that the economic globalization will bring the denationalisation of economies through the formation of global networks of production, trade and finance that have been discussed in the first part of this paper. According to Reich, national governments are simple transitional institutions between global, regional and local instruments of governance (Reich, 1991). As mentioned by Strange the virtual forces of world market are more important than national governments and their authority is decreasing (Strange, 1996). Within the hyperglobalist movement, it exists a divergence between the neoliberals and the neo-Marxists as the neoliberals see the individual autonomy as a triumph when the neo-Marxist see the oppressive global capitalism as a triumph (Greider, 1997). However, those two variants of the movement agree on the economic globalization as a new phenomenon creating winners and losers in the global economy. They see the North-South division as an anachronism it has been replaced by a division of labour. Moreover, the hyperglobalizers see the Nation State coming to an end as they consider the globalization as an indication of the first global civilization and a new wold order with an emergence of institutions of global governance (Albrow, 1996). Indeed, as argued by Ohmae, the authority of the nation state is challenged as the national economy is more and more of a site of global flows. Also, the national governments are not capable to control what happens in their borders or to satisfy the demands of their citizens (Ohmae, 1995). As institutions of global governances are becoming more and more important, the sovereignty of nation states is eroded. In general terms, the hyperglobalizers perceive the globalization as a reconfiguration of the framework of human action (Albrow, 1996). The sceptics Compared to the hyperglobalizers, the sceptics see globalization as a myth or an ideology only relying on an economic conception. They think that globalization is primarily associated with a faultlessly integrated global market. According to Hirst and Thompson, the extent of economic globalization is categorically exaggerated (Hirst and Thompson, 2002). The sceptics consider the influence of national governments on global economic activity really powerful and therefore perceive the hyperglobalizers view as politically naÃÆ' ¯ve. In their point of view, the only thing that is demonstrated is that the economic activity is experiencing an important regionalization with the emergence of the regional trade groups such as the EU, NAFTA etc. Indeed, according to Boyer and Drache, todays global economy is considerably less integrated than it was in the past (Boyer Drache, 1998). Sceptics are also against the idea of the end of the nation state. Also, it is possible to see different points of view within the sceptics : some of them see national governments as the most important part of the internationalization considered as a US-initiated economic order who shaped an impulse for the liberalization of national economies. Some others like Callinicos, see the increase of global trade and FDI as a new era of Westernization in which national governments are deeply concerned (Callinicos, 1994). However, they all believe that internationalization has been accompanied by the rising economic marginalization of Third World states. As argued by Held and McGrew, rather than the world becoming more interdependent, the sceptics seek to expose the myths which sustain the globalization thesis (Held McGrew, 1999) The transformationalists Jones > Cycles of the economy Stiglitz> Adverse impact on developing countries Stiglitz, J (2002) Globalization and its Discontents (London, Penguin, 2002). Stiglitz , J ( 2007) Making Globalization Work: The Next Steps to Global Justice, London, Penguin Saul > Discusses the end of globalization a specific economic moment C) View of the TRANSFORMATIONALISTS regarding the economic globalization as a new phenomenon c) How is the economic globalization different from: industrialization westernization liberalism according to the TRANSFORMATIONALISTS. cultural convergence Authors: Giddens > Globalization is real and its consequences can be felt everywhere Level of world trade today is much higher than it ever was before and involves a much wider range of goods and services. Biggest difference between before and now : level of finance and cash flow. (exemple : electronic money that exist as digits in computers the current economy has no parallels in earlier times transfer money in 1 click. Globalization is not only new but revolutionary. Transformationalists Fin de 1ere partie : Giddens : I dont believe that either the sceptics or the radicals have properly understood either what it is or its implications for us. + It is wrong to think of globalization as just concerning the big systems, like the world financial order. Globalization isnt only about what is out here, remote and far away from the individual.. II) DISCUSSION ON GLOBALIZATION AND ECONOMIC CRISIS https://vip2.uvm.edu/~sseguino/pdf/global_crisis.pdf How the factors that have shaped the globalization have influenced the economic crisis. How did the globalization of production influence the economic crisis How did the globalization of finance and trade influence the economic crisis http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/spn/2009/spn0904.pdf Consequences of the economic crisis on the globalising world economy. x